Romanization of Hispania: Conquest, Society, and Legacy
Romanization of Hispania
Romanization was a transformative process spanning approximately seven centuries. The conquest began during the Second Punic War (218 BC), in which the Carthaginians and Romans battled for control of the Mediterranean, and concluded two centuries later. We can distinguish three stages:
- 218-204 BC: Annexation of Andalusia and the Levante peninsular area, which provided multiple benefits to Rome.
- 154-133 BC: Domination of the Meseta and the west. Important battles included the
Water Transport & Visitor Attraction Success Factors
Water-Based Transport
Types of Water-Based Transport:
Cruising
- Cruises are mainly concentrated on short sea journeys of about a week.
- The cruise product can take many forms, from small-scale specialist ships to gigantic mass-entertainment ships.
- Cruising has become a significant tourist industry; big cruisers are like floating resorts where guests can enjoy luxury and entertainment while moving towards multiple destinations.
- Companies are now offering bigger cruise ships, which bring economies of scale.
Visigothic Kingdom: Institutions, Culture & Land Occupation
The Barbarian Invasions: The Visigoths
Institutions and Culture
The Roman Empire began to decline in the 3rd century AD. It experienced a severe crisis due to weakened economic, political, and military institutions. Barbarian tribes took advantage of this situation to penetrate Roman territories and seize their wealth.
The Visigoths were significant. They arrived on the Iberian Peninsula in 416 as foederati to expel the Suebi, Vandals, and Alans. They remained until 711. After the fall of the Roman
Read MoreThe Union of Spain and the Discovery of America
The Union of Spain: Aragon and Castile
In 1469, the marriage of Prince Ferdinand, son of John II of Aragon, and Princess Isabella, sister of Henry IV, King of Castile, marked a pivotal moment. Although it did not immediately create a unified kingdom, as each retained its borders, currencies, laws, tax systems, and institutions, the Catholic Monarchs acted jointly on behalf of both kingdoms.
Territorial Expansion of the Kingdoms
- 1492: The conquest of the Muslim kingdom of Granada, after a 10-year campaign.
Spain’s Tertiary Sector: Trade and Tourism
The Tertiary Sector in Spain
Trade in Spain
Domestic and Retail Trade
Shopping
Landforms and Rivers of Europe and Spain
Landforms: Definitions
- RIA: Sea routes into the land.
- CABO (Cape): Relief that goes from the coast into the sea.
- PENINSULA: Land surrounded by water everywhere except for one part.
- ISLA (Island): Portion of land surrounded by water on all sides.
- GOLFO (Gulf): Entry of the sea, rounded. The bay is similar but smaller.
- DORSAL OCEÁNICA (Mid-ocean ridge): Underwater mountain range.
- FOSA MARINA (Marine trench): Great underwater depression.
- LLANURA ABISAL (Abyssal plain): Underwater plain.
- PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL