Industrial Activities and Spaces in Spain: An In-Depth Analysis
Industrial Activities and Spaces in Spain
1. Raw Materials and Energy Sources
Mineral Raw Materials: Raw materials are resources from which products are derived or semi-processed. They can be classified as organic (from agriculture, livestock, and forestry) or mineral (metallic, non-metallic, and industrial rocks). Spanish mining policy falls within the general guidelines of the European Union. Due to the competitiveness of foreign entities, many metallic mineral mines have closed. However, non-metallic
Read MoreIndustrialization in Spain: 1855 to Present
Beginning of Industrialization (1855 – 1890)
Spain joined the first Industrial Revolution later than other European nations. Its poor endowment in some raw materials and energy, scarce entrepreneurship, limited available capital, and technological backwardness hindered its progress. Industrial policy was also inadequate. Despite this, Spain remained primarily an agricultural country but managed to establish some textile and steel industries.
Industrial Growth (1900-1936)
Industrial growth occurred
Read MoreNatural Resources, Sustainable Development, and Globalization
Natural Resources
A natural resource is a set of elements that humanity obtains from the physical environment to satisfy its biological or social needs.
Renewable Resources
- Critical: Those that are exhausted with use, such as water, fishing, and forests.
- Non-critical: Solar radiation, wind.
Non-Renewable Resources
- Consumables: Fossil fuels.
- Recoverable:
- Non-metallic minerals, gravel, glass, sand.
- Recyclable: Metallic minerals.
Of these resources, the most important are the sources of energy, and currently,
Read MoreAncient Architecture: From Roman Innovations to Greek Orders
800 BCE – 500 BCE Ancient Rome
The Roman conception of reconstruction in antiquity can be characterized as ‘urban’, dampening the interest in the solving of the inner-city space by the composition of public buildings, parks, and palaces. In ancient Rome, urbanism was developed with its forums, streets, and public buildings such as the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, spas, and engineering structures: bridges, roads, aqueducts, etc.
Roman Innovations in Architecture
1. Arches, Vaults, and Domes: Romans
Read MoreUrban Systems and Environmental Impacts in Catalonia, Spain
The Catalan-Spanish Urban System
The Spanish urban system: Not a closed system, but cities relate to urban centers in other countries. These relationships have intensified, particularly after the incorporation of Spain into the EU in 1986 and from the globalization of the world economy. However, for reasons of proximity and economy, the Spanish urban system is integrated within the urban system of Western Europe. This system is connected via two communication lines: a principal axis, which is the
Read MoreUrban Development in Spain: Pre-Industrial to Modern Era
The Pre-Industrial City: The Old Town
Definition: The pre-industrial city is the oldest urbanized part of the city, from its origins to the beginning of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century. It occupies a small area of great historical and artistic-cultural significance. Some, such as Toledo, Mérida, Segovia, Santiago de Compostela, Salamanca, Ávila, Córdoba, and Alcalá, are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Pre-Industrial Heritage
A) Common Features
- Presence of walls with