The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
The Discovery of America
Causes and Background
The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was one of the most important events in European history, shaping political, social, and economic landscapes. During the Middle Ages, Nordic expeditions reached the North American coast. However, the Portuguese and Spanish sought an alternative route to the East (India) to bypass the eastern Mediterranean routes. The fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 forced the search for alternative routes
Read MoreAgrarian Industries: Types, Models, and Challenges
Types of Agrarian Industries
Centre: A, B, C (Self-Consumption or Subsistence Farming)
Periphery: D, E
A – Proper Capitalist Farms or Agro-Industry
- They tend to an optimal size.
- Machining with high technical progress.
- Paid workforce.
- High energy, chemical, and water consumption.
- Competitiveness based on productivity and prices.
- Tendency to overproduction.
- Dependence on the financial system.
Agroindustry
- Large industrial companies.
- Market domain: they absorb the production of small and medium farmers.
- They cover
Pre-Roman Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Celtic Influences
Pre-Roman Colonizations of Iberia: Greek and Phoenician Protohistory
Protohistory is the transition period between prehistory and history, applied to cultures which, although not yet writing, had contact with people who attest to them.
The Colonized Peoples
After the invasion of the Sea Peoples, the Iberian Peninsula was bypassed by civilization. Greeks and Phoenicians sailed to the West, lured by the mineral riches of the Iberian Peninsula. Later, the Carthaginians maintained three types of relationships:
Read MoreSpain’s Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce Sectors
Agriculture in Spain
Agriculture in Spain is modern and has the following features:
- Prevalence of intensive farming and irrigation.
- Employment of new technologies.
- Specialization of crops by region.
- Prepared staff.
- Destination of crops for export and industry.
Problems in Spanish Agriculture
- The cessation of agrarian activity.
- Use of ancient irrigation systems, consuming water and yielding few benefits.
- Conditions required by the EU to grant subsidies.
- Difficulties for some products, such as cotton or table
16th-18th Century Europe: Demographics, Society, and Politics
Sixteenth-Century Demographic Situation
In Early Modern Europe, the population grew from 50 million to 110 million. The 16th century was a period of demographic growth. The 17th century, however, saw a population decline due to economic crisis and war. The 18th century initially followed the trends of the previous century but then began a period of continuous population growth. Demographic growth had a particular impact on cities.
The Flourishing of Social Estates
At the beginning of the Modern Era
Read MoreVernacular Architecture and Housing Evolution
Vernacular Architecture and Cultural Significance
Domesticity: It implies permanence and control of the environment. Different uses of the plants are considered, where the envelope is a significant element.
- Marmato: The stone is worked to create rooms, taking advantage of the rock mass to mitigate solar radiation.
- Waitabu (Fiji): There is no differentiation through walls. Instead, rugs of different colors create distinct moods. The dwelling provides symbolic conditions, with the entrance facing the