Globalization’s Impact on European Agriculture and Trade (1870s)
The Dawn of Globalization
The key to globalization lies in the modernization of transport, which revolutionized the market with three major advantages:
- Reduced transport costs
- Increased transport capacity
- Faster transport
This modernization had two main elements:
- The replacement of sail with steam power and the introduction of refrigerated ships
- The expansion of railways beyond Europe
Around 1870, these innovations converged in temperate climate countries, connecting inland rail networks to ports with improved
Read MoreEconomic & Social Consequences of World War I: A Historical Analysis
1. The Consequences of the First World War
Destructive Impact
The destructive effect of World War I exceeded that of any other event in human history, including the massive air raids and atomic bombings of World War II. Military casualties were approximately 10 million dead and 20 million seriously injured. Direct civilian casualties amounted to about 10 million, and another 20 million died from disease and hunger brought about by the war.
Most of the damage—destruction of houses, plants, industrial
Read MoreEuropean Imperialism and the Road to World War I: A Historical Overview
1. European Dominance
The Second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of major European powers. Technical innovations, new forms of work organization, and the growth of banking allowed for a spectacular increase in production, trade, and improved transport. This led to Europe’s dominance on the world stage and the creation of colonial empires—territories under the military, economic, or political sway of a hegemonic power, often called the metropolis.
2. Imperialism and Its Causes
Causes
Read MoreUrbanization Stages: Preindustrial to Postindustrial
Preindustrial Urbanization
Origins (9th-8th Century BC)
Urban development began modestly, with populations stabilizing around 5,000-10,000 people, representing less than 10% of the total population. Phoenician and Greek colonization established trading posts along the Mediterranean coast, some evolving into cities like Cadiz and Ampurias.
Roman Period
Romanization led to the founding of numerous cities, many of which (Barcelona, Seville, Valencia, Zaragoza) remain important today. The Romans also
Read MoreUrban Morphology and Structure: A Comprehensive Guide
Metropolitan Area
A metropolitan area is a large urban extension surrounding a major city where there are several independent municipalities. These municipalities have significant economic, social, and transport links to the main city, such as Madrid and Barcelona.
Old Town
The old town is the part of the city urbanized from its origin to the industrialization of the 19th century. It holds historical evidence from various periods, from the birth of the city until today.
Central Business District (CBD)
Read MoreSpanish Industry (1855-1975): Evolution, Structure, and Policy
Spanish Industry (1855-1975)
1. Historical Evolution
a) The Start of Spanish Industrialization (1855-1900)
Spanish industrialization began with a delay. Several factors contributed to this, leading to discussions about the failure of the 1st Industrial Revolution in Spain:
- Poor endowment of basic raw materials and energy products.
- Limited entrepreneurial spirit.
- Scarce capital: individuals invested in land, and the state was indebted.
- Remarkable technological backwardness.
- Limited demand for industrial