Urban Development and City Systems in Spain

Spanish Urban Hierarchy Model

Spanish urban areas are divided into:

  • National Global Metropolis: Madrid and Barcelona function as centers, concentrating population, institutions, and a large network.
  • Regional Metropolis: Valencia, Seville, and Malaga serve extensive regions with good communication.
  • Subregional Metropolises: These are small metropolitan areas, like Murcia and Valladolid, that have specialized services such as hospitals or universities.
  • Medium Cities: Play an administrative role for the
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Spain’s Landscapes: Oceanic, Mediterranean, Subtropical & Mountain

Oceanic Landscape of Spain

The Oceanic landscape is located in the north and northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, an area known as “wet Spain”.

  • Relief: Characterized by several mountain ranges. The coast is rugged and rocky.
  • Rivers: Short, abundant, and with a regular flow.
  • Climate: Oceanic, with mild winters and cool summers. Rainfall is abundant throughout the year.
  • Vegetation: Consists of deciduous forests, moors, and meadows.
  • Fauna: Includes animals like deer, wolves, and wild cats.

Mediterranean Coastal

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Understanding Global Underdevelopment and Decolonization

Understanding Global Underdevelopment

Underdevelopment is a set of circumstances that make life miserable for a very large population. Underdevelopment possesses characteristics that define this situation.

Dependence Abroad

The economy of these countries is based on the export of raw materials and importing manufactured goods. This creates significant inequalities in the distribution of wealth. The World Bank developed a classification of countries based on per capita income:

  • Low-income countries:
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Roman Housing: Countryside and City Dwellings

Roman Housing: Countryside and City

Rural Housing

Three main types of housing existed in the Roman countryside:

  • The Urban Village (residence of the large landowner)
  • The Large Farm (Villa Rustica)
  • The Family Home (Domus)

The Family Home (Domus)

These houses were typically inward-facing, with few or no windows, a single door, and usually only one story. They were built around a partially covered patio called an atrium, which provided light and air to the rooms of the house. These rooms included:

  • Cubicula
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Types of Tourism: Sun, Nature, Culture, and More

Types of Tourism

Sun and Beach Tourism

Mass tourism, also practiced in the interior.

Nature Tourism

Core values are landscape, climate, wildlife, vegetation, and aesthetic, educational, or scientific interest. It takes place in rural, depopulated areas, or areas not too densely populated. It has different branches:

  • Mountain Tourism: Shares applications with sports tourism and rural tourism.
  • River Tourism: Takes place on board a vessel, complemented by other activities (rivers).
  • Green or Eco-Tourism: Has
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Waste Management and Sustainable Energy Consumption

The Problem of Waste

Population growth and industrialization have led to a large increase in the volume of urban and industrial solid waste. These are divided into:

  • Urban: From domestic activities, businesses, healthcare, etc.
  • Industrial: The largest producers of industrial wastes are the chemical industry and mining.
  • Rural: Primarily includes agricultural and livestock waste.

Waste generation depends on the standard of living and level of development. The composition of municipal solid waste varies.

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