Economic History and Bourbon Restoration in Spain
Economic History of Spain
[A] Agricultural Transformation: Key changes included new techniques, crops, the Norfolk four-year rotation system, an expanded irrigation network, and fertilizers. These changes led to increased production. Catalonia saw increased productivity due to irrigation, the four-year system, the elimination of wastelands, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural machinery, leading to commercialized agriculture and increased monetary flow. Changes in property types included land bound
Read MoreSecond Industrial Revolution and Imperialism
Definitions
Cartels: Horizontal associations of different companies working in the same industry, making collective decisions about production and prices.
Protectorates: Areas of strategic interest where the indigenous population maintained its own government, but under the supervision of the colonizing power, which controlled foreign policy and the defense of the area (e.g., Morocco and Egypt).
Sources of Energy in the Second Industrial Revolution
- Oil: New fuels such as kerosene and petrol were produced
Tectonic Plates, Folds, Faults, and Earth’s Age
Transform Faults and Plate Tectonics
Transform faults are boundaries between tectonic plates where there is a lateral displacement of one plate with respect to the other. These boundaries are neither constructive nor destructive.
Mountain Ranges Formation
- Collision between two oceanic plates: One plate subducts under the other, originating an oceanic trench.
- Collision between oceanic and continental plates: Because the oceanic plate is denser, it subducts under the continental plate in an oceanic trench.
Immigration in Spain: Trends, Impacts, and Factors
Impact of Immigration in Spain
Evolution of Immigration in Spain
Spain has transitioned in recent decades from being a migrant-sending country to receiving significant migration. After 1973, with the oil crisis, Spanish emigration abroad began to decrease, and many migrants returned. The restoration of democracy coincided with a phase of balance in the migration balance that lasted until the 1990s. The strong economic growth that Spain has shown since then is the origin of the strong growth of foreign
Read MoreSpain’s Fishing Industry and Aquaculture
Catch by Region
The most important region is the Northwest. Its fishing accounts for more than half the national total and, in addition, it has almost all marine parks and incubators. The main species landed are hake, sardine, cod, squid, and tuna, representing more than 50% nationwide. Among the major fishing ports, Vigo, La Coruña, Marin, and Villagarcia de Arousa stand out.
Second in importance is the Canary Islands region. It is experiencing a slight decline due to poor industrialization. The
Read MoreAutonomous Communities in Spain: Formation & Powers
The Rise of Autonomous Communities in Spain
With the new model of organization of the state, multiple centers of power appeared in Spanish territory. As declared in Title VIII of the Constitution, Spain is composed of various nationalities and regions with the ability to make policy decisions. The autonomous regions are provinces or groups of provinces that access self-government, assuming certain functions and powers through the adoption of their respective statutes.