Raw Materials, Energy, and Global Industry Overview
Secondary Sector: Raw Materials and Processing
Activities based on the extraction and processing of raw materials into other products are traditionally grouped in the secondary sector: mining, energy production, industry, and construction.
Animal Raw Materials
These materials, such as wool or leather, are used in the textile industry to make clothes. Besides, fish can be used to elaborate canned food, oil, and flours (food industry).
Vegetable Raw Materials
Agricultural products such as cotton are used
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Mozarabic
Mozarabs were Christians living in Muslim-controlled territory. Their numbers decreased due to conversions to Islam and migration to Christian kingdoms, especially after the Almoravids and Almohads imposed stricter interpretations of the Quran.
Military Orders
Military orders were institutions created in the Middle Ages, inspired by European orders like the Templars. Organized as monasteries, they had military purposes related to religion, such as crusades to recover the Holy Places and combat
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The Crown of Castile
Castile and Leon joined and separated several times. In 1230, the final union occurred when Ferdinand III united the two kingdoms and founded the Crown of Castile. This crown emerged as the most powerful. In 1085, Alfonso VI took Toledo. King Ferdinand III and Alfonso X conquered most of Andalusia. In the twelfth century, Castile suffered the loss of Portugal, which became independent.
Government
The Crown of Castile was a single state with the same institutions and the same law.
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Dehesa: A Landscape and Agropastoral System
Dehesa: A characteristic landscape and agropastoral form of land use found in Zamora, Salamanca, Extremadura, and Western Andalusia. Its origin lies in the thinning of Mediterranean forests of oak and cork, to create open mountain pastures. Traditionally, it was oriented towards livestock farming. Today, it is somewhat more oriented towards cattle and, where the soil is better, agriculture. Some areas are also used for hunting.
Industrial Relocation: Shifting
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Integration of the Canary Islands in the EU
Since the late 1970s, Spain’s impending accession to the then European Economic Community (EEC) sparked a debate regarding the integration of the Canary Islands. Initially, the prospect of a more stable market presented clear advantages. However, the European economic and legal framework also posed significant drawbacks, being uniformly applied to all regions and member states.
Negotiations focused on reconciling the inconsistencies between the Canary Islands’
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Public Works Administration (PWA) Achievements
Between 1933 and 1939, the PWA funded and administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects, including airports, large electricity-generating dams, major warships for the Navy, and bridges. It also funded 70% of the new schools and one-third of the hospitals built during that period. The PWA had a “multiplier effect”: for every worker on a PWA project, almost two additional workers were employed indirectly. Among other achievements, the PWA
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