Population & Urbanization Key Concepts
Population and Urbanization
Census
A census counts all inhabitants of a country at a specific time, usually on the same day. It includes demographic information such as sex, age, marital status, place of birth, education level, employment status, and nationality. Censuses are typically conducted every ten years. In Spain, they occur in March of years ending in 1, with the latest being in March 1991.
Migration
Migration refers to the permanent displacement of people from one place of residence to another.
Read MoreUnderstanding City Concepts, Development, Morphology, and Structure
Defining the Concept of City
The concept of a city is complex, resulting from a combination of several criteria:
- Quantitative/Statistical: Based on population figures. In Spain, urban municipalities have over 10,000 inhabitants.
- Qualitative: Defines the city based on its characteristics.
- Morphological: Considers the city’s formal aspect.
- Functional: Focuses on urban economic activities, distinct from farming.
- Sociological: Defines the city by its social traits, such as diversity and impersonal relationships,
Primary Sector Activities: Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Fishing
Primary Sector Activities
The primary sector encompasses activities involving natural resources: agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, and mining.
Physical Factors of Production
Area: Temperature (sunny and shady areas), altitude, rainfall, slope, altitudinal temperature gradient, wind exposure, adverse weather, and soil conditions.
Human Factors in Agriculture
Population growth, ownership and operation, technical and technological level, economic conditions, operating system or land tenure, agricultural
Read MoreMedieval City Governance and Social Structure
III.3 – City Governance
The political autonomy of cities varied greatly. English cities were dependent, while Italian city-states were autonomous. Urban franchises granted economic freedoms. Residents could gain self-governance through land rights. City governance typically had three levels: General Assembly (all residents), Council (deliberates on urban management), and Executive Branch. Appointments combined election, co-optation, and drawing.
Political autonomy unified cities legally. Symbols like
Read More19th Century Spain: Agriculture, Industry, and Economic Shifts
1. Agricultural Transformation
1.1 Private Land Ownership
Liberal governments of the 19th century introduced new legal concepts of property rights, leading to the consolidation of private land ownership. This involved abolishing feudal dues and confiscating land from the Church and city halls, allowing land to be freely bought and sold.
1.2 Effects of Agrarian Reform
While peasants were freed, their situation improved little. Many became employees or day laborers. Land confiscations and modifications
Read MoreEurope’s Socioeconomic Evolution: From Old Regime to Industrialization
Old Regime
The Old Regime was a form of social organization and economic policy prevalent in most European countries between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was characterized by:
- An economy based on agriculture.
- A society divided into estates.
- A political organization based on monarchy.
- Artistic expression: Baroque.
Manorial Agriculture Economy
The economy was primarily rural, with 80-90% of the population engaged in agriculture. Only a small portion of the land was freely tradable; the rest was tied to
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