Modernization and Primary Sector Activities in Spain

Recent Modernization in Spain

Key economic indicators:

  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The sum of all goods and services produced in a year, deducting the portion attributed to foreign goods and services and adding income obtained in other countries.
  • Per Capita Income: Calculated by dividing the GDP by the total population.
  • Well-being: Defined as the equality of opportunities, extended to all, to access tangible or intangible assets considered socially desirable.

Characteristics of modernization:

  • Stable
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Urbanization and City Hierarchy in Spain: Trends & Analysis

Urbanization in Spain: A Population Perspective

The urbanization of the population, closely linked to migration, has two primary consequences:

  • Rural exodus, leading to the depopulation of the countryside and the abandonment of small villages.
  • Population growth in urban centers.

This process has been particularly pronounced in Spain over the last 50 years, resulting in a significant increase in the urbanization rate. We can identify four distinct stages:

1900-1930: Early Urban Growth

Immigration fueled

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Africa, America, and Oceania: Key Characteristics & Development

General Africa: Key Characteristics

Africa is characterized by a small population, a high birth rate, and many underdeveloped countries. Key features include:

  • High infant mortality
  • Illiteracy
  • Low GDP
  • High level of external debt

North Africa

This region is slightly more developed.

Sub-Saharan Africa

It is the least developed region, with low life expectancy and very high infant mortality.

North Africa: Detailed Analysis

Population

A young population with a high birth rate. Many people emigrate to Europe.

Economy

Subsistence

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Castile and Aragon: Conquest, Economy, and Culture

The Conquest of the Guadalquivir Valley

In 1212, the Muslim defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa opened the territory of al-Andalus to the conquering armies. Portugal took possession of the Algarve, while Castile conquered Andalusia and Murcia. The Crown of Aragon expanded into Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The scarcity of people led to great lordships, and much of these territories were worked by deer.

The crowns of Castile and León joined and separated often, until 1230 when Fernando III united them

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Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impacts 1760-1850

The Industrial Revolution (1760-1850)

The Industrial Revolution, spanning from 1760 to 1850, marked a period of fundamental changes in multiple sectors:

  • Agriculture
  • Economic policies
  • Textile and metal manufacture
  • Transportation
  • Social structure (with a significant shift towards urban work)

The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the culmination of ideas and discoveries from influential figures like Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes.

The most significant changes that triggered the Industrial Revolution were:

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Service Sector Growth, Commerce, and Energy Resources

Causes of Service Sector Growth

Causes of the growth of services:

  • “The revenue growth and improved living standards of the population, which increases the demand for all types of financial, cultural, and entertainment services.”
  • “The generalization of the so-called model of social organization and policy that seeks access for the entire population to health services and education…”
  • “The search for greater competitiveness on the part of many companies seeking to improve their performance and the quality
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