Social and Industrial Transformations in the 19th Century

Social Changes in the 19th Century

The Rise of Class Consciousness. The working classes became conscious of their collective identity and began organizing to make demands (giving rise to unions, labor parties, etc.). This led to successive improvements in employment conditions. Two factors contributed to the strengthening of collective consciousness: a significant increase in non-wage earners and urbanization. The main instrument of force was the strike, often harshly repressed by employers. The

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Farming and Fishing in Spain: Key Concepts

Key Concepts of Agriculture in Spain

Extensive: A form of farming that requires large tracts of land and provides low yields due to low investment.

Intensive: A farming method located on a small area of land. It usually occurs in irrigated areas (wet meadows, greenhouses).

Performance Agriculture: Production per unit area.

Agricultural Production: Total tons of agricultural products produced or the total value of agricultural production. In this case, we speak of Total Agricultural Production in a country

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Vehicle Comparison, Smart Growth & Energy Policies

Vehicle Technology Comparison: Efficiency & Emissions

Researchers compared different vehicle technologies using Well-to-Wheel (WTW) studies, utilizing the Greenhouse Gas Levels, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model. The comparison included conventional, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Electric Vehicle (EV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) cars for urban use. The assessment covered WTW energy, gasoline consumption, cost,

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Spanish Agricultural Landscapes: Characteristics and Factors

Agrarian Landscapes in Europe

European agricultural landscapes are specialized in various productions, depending on the physical environment and market demand.

  • Oceanic: The agricultural landscape of Western Europe specializes in pasture, forage crops, and cereals for intensive dairy cattle breeding or meat production.
  • Mediterranean: The agricultural landscape is diverse. The drylands are dedicated to the Mediterranean trilogy (wheat, olives, and grapes). Irrigation practices support intensive agriculture,
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Birth and Death Rate Evolution in Spain (1940-Present)

This is a graph of the evolution of birth rate and mortality from 1940 to the present. It is necessary to clarify the terms of birth and death. The birth rate is the number of births that occur in one place, per thousand inhabitants. Mortality per thousand is the number of deaths occurring in a place, per thousand inhabitants.

As can be seen in the graph, both the birth rate and mortality have fallen since 1940 until now. This is due to improved health and improvements in general. High birth rates

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Romanization of Hispania: Conquest, Society, and Legacy

Romanization of Hispania

Romanization was a transformative process spanning approximately seven centuries. The conquest began during the Second Punic War (218 BC), in which the Carthaginians and Romans battled for control of the Mediterranean, and concluded two centuries later. We can distinguish three stages:

  1. 218-204 BC: Annexation of Andalusia and the Levante peninsular area, which provided multiple benefits to Rome.
  2. 154-133 BC: Domination of the Meseta and the west. Important battles included the
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