Key Demographic and Urban Planning Concepts
Life Expectancy: Demographic indicators that express the average number of years a population in a particular place is expected to live. It varies according to sex (typically greater in women than in men) and the degree of development of the country or area. In developed countries, it is over 70 years, with the highest being in Japan (80) and Spain (73 for men, 81 for women).
Real Growth: The consequence of the effects of natural increase over the effects of migration. To calculate this, it is necessary
Read MoreGlobal Population Evolution: 1870-1913 Analysis
The Evolution of Global Population (1870-1913)
Between 1870 and 1913, the world population increased from 1175 million to 1723 million, a rise of over 50%. Europe was the demographic center, holding a quarter of the world’s population and sending migrants to the Americas, Oceania, and parts of Africa. The peak in world population growth occurred between 1860 and 1880, followed by a decline in the rate of increase.
Factors Influencing Population Changes
The discoveries of Pasteur and others led to vaccines
Read MorePopulation Age Structures: Analysis and Impacts
Demography: Analyzing Population Age Structures
What is the age structure of a population? How do demographers analyze age structure? What are the general differences in the age structure of poor countries compared to the age structure of Canada? What are the social and/or economic implications of these differences? Explain.
The age structure of a population is the breakdown of the population into age (and sex) cohorts. Geographers use population pyramids to analyze age structure. Three broad cohorts
Read MoreThe Enlightenment and its Impact on Spain
Key Principles of the Enlightenment
- Reason: The belief that human rationality could illuminate darkness and societal errors. It was the way to overcome biased notions and religious dogmas.
- Progress: The development of knowledge allowed civilizations to dominate nature and create wealth and well-being.
- Happiness: An individual right and a societal aspiration that rulers were obliged to seek.
Enlightenment Truths
- The Enlightenment was mostly a reformist movement. True
- The Enlightenment led to scientific
Industrial Revolution: Origins and Expansion
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Pre-industrial societies faced significant limitations, leading to economic, nutritional, and demographic stagnation. Subsistence agriculture and craft industries predominated. Transport and trade were slow, hampered by customs. In 18th-century Lancashire, a British region experienced a process of industrial concentration with the creation of new industries. This process is known as the *Industrial Revolution* in Britain. The development of modern industry was
Read MoreForest Products, Agriculture, and Farming Practices
Forest Products and Their Properties
Forests provide a variety of valuable products:
- Camphor: A white, crystalline substance with a pungent odor, extracted by distilling the wood of the camphor tree. It is used in medicine and cosmetics.
- Rubber: An elastic and waterproof substance obtained from the sap of the rubber tree. It is strategically important and primarily used for manufacturing tires.
- Cork: Thick sheets obtained from the bark of the cork oak tree. It is mainly used in manufacturing stoppers