Urban Network Development: Pre-Industrial to Post-Industrial

Stages in the Formation of the Urban Network

Pre-Industrial Development

Rome marked the beginning of the urbanization process. The subsequent decline of the Roman Empire led to a phase of de-urbanization. In Andalusia, a Media Center has established itself as an urban spread. Following the discovery of America, the Atlantic gained prominence, shifting development westward. In the Early Modern period, key characteristics of settlements included:

  • A scattered population along the Atlantic coast.
  • Mid-size
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Spanish Rural and Fisheries Landscapes: Evolution

Evolution of Rural Areas in Spain

GOD elevated products have prices, the existence of surpluses, environmental degradation, and depopulation of rural areas.

Uses of Rural Areas

Transformation and knowledge: Agriculture lost weight, livestock increased, and forestry production stabilized.

Agricultural Activities

Agriculture based on polyculture techniques resulted in delays because the poor performance was oriented towards production for self-consumption.

Changes:

  • Processed on-farm structure: mechanization,
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Modernization and Primary Sector Activities in Spain

Recent Modernization in Spain

Key economic indicators:

  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The sum of all goods and services produced in a year, deducting the portion attributed to foreign goods and services and adding income obtained in other countries.
  • Per Capita Income: Calculated by dividing the GDP by the total population.
  • Well-being: Defined as the equality of opportunities, extended to all, to access tangible or intangible assets considered socially desirable.

Characteristics of modernization:

  • Stable
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Urbanization and City Hierarchy in Spain: Trends & Analysis

Urbanization in Spain: A Population Perspective

The urbanization of the population, closely linked to migration, has two primary consequences:

  • Rural exodus, leading to the depopulation of the countryside and the abandonment of small villages.
  • Population growth in urban centers.

This process has been particularly pronounced in Spain over the last 50 years, resulting in a significant increase in the urbanization rate. We can identify four distinct stages:

1900-1930: Early Urban Growth

Immigration fueled

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Africa, America, and Oceania: Key Characteristics & Development

General Africa: Key Characteristics

Africa is characterized by a small population, a high birth rate, and many underdeveloped countries. Key features include:

  • High infant mortality
  • Illiteracy
  • Low GDP
  • High level of external debt

North Africa

This region is slightly more developed.

Sub-Saharan Africa

It is the least developed region, with low life expectancy and very high infant mortality.

North Africa: Detailed Analysis

Population

A young population with a high birth rate. Many people emigrate to Europe.

Economy

Subsistence

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Castile and Aragon: Conquest, Economy, and Culture

The Conquest of the Guadalquivir Valley

In 1212, the Muslim defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa opened the territory of al-Andalus to the conquering armies. Portugal took possession of the Algarve, while Castile conquered Andalusia and Murcia. The Crown of Aragon expanded into Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The scarcity of people led to great lordships, and much of these territories were worked by deer.

The crowns of Castile and León joined and separated often, until 1230 when Fernando III united them

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