European Industrial Revolution: Society, Technology, and Ideologies
Item 3: Industrialization of European Societies
1. Population and Agriculture
1.1. The Demographic Revolution
From the mid-eighteenth century, Europe experienced a demographic revolution. Increased food production, hygiene, and medical advancements dramatically decreased mortality, increasing population. Birth rates also rose slightly due to improved health and life expectancy.
1.2. The Agricultural Revolution
Increased population demanded more food, raising agricultural prices. This spurred landowners
Read MoreUrban Functions and Structure: City Areas and Roles
Urban Structure & Functions of the City
The term “duties of a city” refers to the activities taking place in it, primarily industrial, commercial, and service sectors. A city’s classification often depends on the predominant activity:
A) Commercial Role
Historically, trade has been a source for many cities, especially those at crossroads. All cities, to some extent, play this role in their area of influence (local market), sometimes becoming large national or international markets.
B) Industrial
Read MoreEU Environmental Policies and Biodiversity Protection
EU Environmental Policies
The EU has established its environmental objectives through community action programs. The first program was launched in 1973, and since then, five additional programs have been developed.
- Initially, proposals were divided into sectors such as air pollution, water pollution, chemical management, and nature protection.
- The third program introduced a major change by adopting an integrated approach to environmental issues, linking all productive processes and establishing Environmental
Land Tenure and Agricultural Systems in [Country Name]
Land Tenure Forms
Private Land Owners: Natural or legal persons owning land with legal title, possessing rights to alienate, usufruct, lease, or donate, subject to existing laws. This category includes:
- Laborer-Owners: Also known as “conuqueros” or smallholders, cultivating less than one hectare for subsistence.
- Independent Smallholders: Generally smallholders growing vegetables, selling some produce in cities to purchase consumer goods, thus earning a subsistence income. They use rudimentary tools
17th Century Spain: Political, Economic, and Social Crises
The Reign of Favorites and Internal Conflicts
The government of Spain was often characterized by the figure of the valido (favorite or private), a trustworthy person who acted on behalf of the king. This arose due to the king’s disinterest in government affairs, the increasing complexity of governance, and the need for streamlined decision-making, replacing councils with boards. The validos, belonging to the nobility, held court positions and wielded real power, mediating between the king and his
Read MoreSpain’s Rivers: A Comprehensive Guide to Hydrology and River Basins
Importance of Water in Spain
Water Resources and Challenges
Water is vital to Spain’s ecosystems and economy. Spanish water resources primarily originate from rivers, with lakes and aquifers playing a lesser role. The Mediterranean climate, characterized by water scarcity, irregularity, and unpredictability, significantly impacts water availability. While northern and western Spain are wetter, the south and east experience greater demand, leading to conflicts.
Water Use and Problems
In recent decades,
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