Population Structure by Age and Sex in Catalonia

Characteristics of Developed Countries’ Demographics

Developed countries (phase 4) share three common characteristics:

  • Aging population
  • Low fertility rates
  • High life expectancy

The aging of the population is associated with two main issues:

  1. Sustainability of the Welfare State: If we maintain the welfare state (which guarantees citizens a range of free services in return for taxes), is immigration a solution?
  2. Immigration: This can lead to low or zero population growth.

Several factors contribute to these

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Demographic Regime & Economic Sectors: Pre-Industrial Era

Demographic Regime and Productive Sectors

Old Demographic Regime: Before the Industrial Revolution, population growth was limited due to factors such as low agricultural productivity, crises, and subsistence farming. The primary sector significantly impacted hygiene and medicine. Wars were a major cause of mortality. People primarily lived in rural areas, although there was an increase in agricultural activity and a growing urban population. Population growth was scarce and of short duration. This

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Spain: Economy, Transport, Tourism, and Demographics

Tertiary Sector of the Spanish Economy

The tertiary sector of the economy refers to the process by which the service sector gains prominence over the primary (agriculture, fishing, mining) and secondary (manufacturing) sectors, becoming the leading sector in terms of both employment and contribution to GDP.

Services to Production

Services to production are tertiary activities (design, management, marketing) that support industrial production. Employment in these services can sometimes exceed that of

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Intensive vs. Extensive Farming & Key Agricultural Concepts

Intensive vs. Extensive Farming

Intensive farming is a method of farming located on a small area of land, which provides high yields due to the high investment it receives in labor or in the use of advanced techniques. Extensive agriculture is a way of farming that requires large tracts of land and provides low yields due to low investment and/or the use of traditional techniques.

Intensive Farming

Depends on the physical environment and animals are fed in the natural grasslands of humid Spain (northern

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Impact of Industrialization on Population Growth and Urbanization

The Effects of Industrialization on the Population and Cities: The Industrial Revolution was a process of social change. Throughout the 19th century, it accelerated population growth and saw huge migrations to cities and colonies. Rapid Population Growth in the 19th Century: The increase in population during the second half of the 18th century intensified in the 19th century at an unprecedented pace. In Europe, there were over 400 million people by 1900, marking the time when the European population

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Center-Periphery Dynamics & Global Geopolitics

The Unequal Exchange: Center and Periphery

There is a set of regions that have significant means of production of high technology, large capital investment, and control of the world market; this is called the center. Other regions, in contrast, have limited means of production, short technology, little economic investment, and no control over the global market; this is called the periphery.

Between the center and the periphery, global trade relations called unequal exchange occur. This is when the

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