Social Classes & Industrial Revolution Impacts
Lower Social Classes: Workers and Peasants
Distinction is made between agriculture (peasants) and industrial workers. Both groups make up the proletariat, living in precarious situations. Field workers produce food, the base of wealth produced by the industrial proletariat. Workers generally endure workdays up to 16 hours in exchange for meager wages and undignified living conditions. They live threatened by lack of protection against illness or unemployment, conditions that can condemn them to poverty
Read MoreRaw Materials, Energy Sources, and Industrial Landscapes
Item 6: Raw Materials
Raw materials can be organic or mineral.
The raw materials come from organic life forms.
The mineral raw materials come from the earth’s crust and can be metals, nonmetals, and mineral energetics.
The production of raw materials on Earth is concentrated in the countries of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, which are major world exporters.
Sources of Energy
Energy sources are natural resources that provide the industry with the power needed to transform raw
Read MoreAgriculture, Fishing, and Industry: A Comprehensive Overview
Extensive Agriculture
Not all arable land is cultivated each year; some land is left fallow to rest. Extensive agriculture is characterized by low productivity and the inability to cultivate the entire area every year, resulting in low yields and work concentrated in part of the year. High-productivity extensive agriculture requires cultivating all the land to produce sufficient yields.
Intensive Agriculture
Intensive agriculture aims for the highest possible yields but requires significant effort.
Read MoreCatalonia: Agriculture, Industry, and Services
Catalonia’s Economy
Agriculture in Catalonia
Agriculture in Catalonia is characterized by small holdings, high mechanization, and diverse crops.
Agroindustrial Complexes
Agroindustrial complexes process agricultural and livestock products, primarily:
- Pork, chicken, and sausage production
- Wine and champagne production (exported to Europe and America)
- Cork production
Recent Evolution: Increased productivity has caused rural depopulation, farm abandonment, and an aging population.
Implications of Agricultural
Read MoreSpanish Population Dynamics: A Comprehensive Analysis
Spanish Population Dynamics: A Comprehensive Analysis
The Natural Movement of Population
1. Demographic Regimes
1.1 The Old Demographic Regime
Characterized by: a) High birth rates due to a rural economy, societal norms, and ineffective birth control. b) High and fluctuating overall mortality due to poor diet, infectious diseases, and high infant mortality. c) Low natural growth as a result.
1.2 The Demographic Transition
The transition from the old to the current demographic regime. a) Birth rates declined
Read MoreEngland’s Industrial Revolution: Causes and Effects
England’s Industrial Revolution
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in England resulted from a conjunction of economic and technological changes. Several factors contributed to this transformative period:
Demographic Revolution
From the mid-18th century, Europe’s population experienced significant growth. The population rose from 140 million (1750) to 266 million (1850). Britain saw the most dramatic increase, doubling its population during the 18th century (from 5 to 10
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