The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain: Al-Andalus Legacy
The Foundations of Islam
Islam is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Arabian Peninsula. It is based on the Quran, its holy book, which conveys the fundamental belief: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet.” The Quran was dictated by Allah to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel.
The Muslim Conquest of Iberia
In the 7th century, Muslims initiated an expansion from the Middle East, moving south and across North Africa, eventually reaching the Atlantic Ocean. Concurrently,
Read MoreIndia’s Historical Events, Economic Principles, and Governance Structures
Key Historical Events in India
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
On April 13, 1919, British General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a peaceful gathering of Indians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. This brutal act killed hundreds and wounded many, marking a significant turning point in the Indian struggle for independence, leading to widespread outrage and protests.
The Chauri-Chaura Incident
The Chauri-Chaura Incident occurred on February 5, 1922, when a crowd of nonviolent protesters clashed with
Read MoreSustainable Agriculture & Bioeconomy: Key Terms and Project Insights
Agricultural & Bioeconomy Glossary
Hubs
Hubs: Central points or areas where certain activities or resources are concentrated. Centros o núcleos
Kegging
Kegging: The process of transferring and storing beverages in a keg, a pressurized container often used for serving drinks on tap. Barrilado
Kernel
Kernel: Part of a plant used for propagation. Grano, semilla
Landfill
Landfill: A place where waste is disposed of by burying it, in order to control environmental impacts. Vertedero
Leachate
Leachate: Liquid
Read MoreThe Rise and Impact of Imperialism: Causes, Forms, and Global Effects
Defining Imperialism
The term imperialism refers to an attitude, doctrine, or action that leads to the dominance of one state over another or others through the use of military, economic, or political force.
Historical Context: From Colonialism to Imperialism
The transition from colonialism to imperialism occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its causes included the expansion into new markets due to technological and military development, geographical exploration, and missionary activities.
Read MoreTransformative Eras: Industrial and Economic Shifts
The Industrial Revolution: An Era of Transformation
Between 1700 and 1800, we witnessed a profound revolution across many areas of society. This transformative process began in Britain in the 18th century and subsequently spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term “Industrial Revolution” was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.
The Agricultural Revolution:
Read MoreGlobal Poverty & Justice: Core Concepts and Teachings
Global Poverty: Definitions & Realities
Poverty Thresholds
- Half the world’s population lives on less than $2.50 a day.
Classifications of Nations
- First World Countries: Developed nations characterized by high Gross National Product (GNP), stable governments and economies, developed infrastructure, efficient markets, and technological advancements.
- Second World Countries: Nations with command-market economies or communist systems where the central government controls economic processes.
- Third World