Impacts of Human Activity on Wildlife and Ecosystems
Timber Harvesting
Deforestation is the large-scale destruction of forests by human action. It is advancing at a rate of about 17 million hectares per year. While the forest area is generally stabilized in Europe and North America, the rate of transition from old-growth forests to other forms in North America remains high. Deforestation affects the livelihoods of 200 to 500 million people who depend on forests for food, shelter, and fuel. Furthermore, deforestation and forest degradation can contribute
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century Economic Transformation and Industrialization
Economic Transformations in 19th Century Spain
Confiscation, Agrarian Change, and Industrialization
The 19th-century Spanish economy experienced significant economic changes influenced by liberal ideology. However, it did not reach the level of other European countries, remaining largely agricultural and dependent on foreign powers by the end of the century.
The agricultural sector underwent a transformation in property ownership due to the abolition of the feudal regime and the process of confiscation.
Read MoreGeography, Climate, and Culture of Continents
Oceania-Australia
Australia is a large country; its capital is Canberra. With a population of 20 million people, only 8% of the population are native Aborigines.
Climate Zones
- Equatorial: Hot and wet all year because of the equator and sea.
- Desert: Less than 250mm of rain a year due to mountain ranges.
- Mediterranean: Hot, dry summers and warm, wet winters.
Factors that Affect Climate
- Latitude and Altitude: Every 100m increase in height, 1ºC decreases in temperature.
- Distance from the sea: The sea moderates
Al-Andalus History: Key Events and Figures
The Rise of Al-Andalus
Who betrayed Rodrigo in Guadalete?
Some Visigothic nobles betrayed Rodrigo.
In what year did the Battle of Covadonga take place?
The Battle of Covadonga took place in 722.
Who led the Christian army in Covadonga?
Don Pelayo led the Christian army.
What do we call the first period of Al-Andalus?
The first period is known as the Dependent Emirate or Valiato (711-756).
Who was the last king of the Visigothic Kingdom?
Don Rodrigo was the last Visigothic king.
Who was the commander of the
Europe’s Transformation: Late Middle Ages to 15th Century
The Crisis of the 14th and 15th Centuries
During the 14th and part of the 15th century, Europe suffered a serious crisis. Among the causes of this crisis were years of poor harvests due to adverse weather and the cultivation of poor-quality land.
Consequences of the Crisis
- A reduction in population: The Black Death caused the population to fall by a third alone. This led to the abandonment of entire regions and a reduction in the workforce.
- Rural and urban rebellions: The economic situation of farmers
Iberian Peninsula in the Late Middle Ages: Art, Crisis, Wars
The Iberian Peninsula During the Late Middle Ages
1. Mudéjar and Nasrid Art
Mudéjar art was a style that mixed Muslim and Christian characteristics. An example of this art is the use of bricks, plaster, and tiles. In Teruel, we can find Mudéjar works such as the Tower of San Martín.
Nasrid art developed between the 13th and 14th centuries in the kingdom of Granada. Its most emblematic works were a series of palaces of the Muslim kings. In addition, this place stood out for developing some novel
Read More