Understanding Earth’s Water Cycle and Climate Regions
Earth’s Water and Climate
The Water Cycle
Groundwater contained within a reservoir rock is called an aquifer. Inland waters play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle. Their ultimate destination is typically the sea. The cycle involves evaporation from the sea to the atmosphere, condensation and precipitation from the atmosphere to the lithosphere, evaporation and transpiration from the soil to the atmosphere, and finally, precipitation back to the sea or land.
The water balance model accounts
Read MoreLandforms, Climate, and Human Geography
Landforms
Plateau
An elevated area of relatively flat land, formed by uplift or erosion. Often bordered by folded mountains.
Cárcava (Gully)
A landform created by running water eroding soft materials, frequently appearing in clay relief.
Karst
A landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, characterized by sinkholes, gorges, and caves.
Hoz (Gorge)
A narrow, deep valley carved by a river, typically in limestone, with almost vertical walls.
Climate and Weather
Climate
The long-
Read MoreBuilding Materials and Construction Techniques
Stone Materials
Rocks
Ceramic Materials
Clay, cooked or not, presented as:
- Raw clay: sun-dried (bricks)
- Fired brick or tile: kiln-fired, with varying colors and irregularities, often used in rehabilitation
- Clay in thick paste: primarily used in Mesopotamia
- Clay soil: packed or pressed against molds (rammed earth)
Organic Materials
Wood and straw
Mortars
Mixtures for joining pieces:
- Crude mixtures: soil (usually clay) and water
- Typical mixtures: sand, water, and lime, gypsum, bitumen, natural pozzolan cements
All
Read More20th-Century Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy
Primo de Rivera Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Key Events:
- Suspension of the Constitution
- Growth of large monopolistic companies and public works
- Barcelona Universal Exposition and Seville Ibero-American Exhibition
- End of the Rif War in Morocco after the Alhucemas landing
Spanish Economy in the First Third of the 20th Century
Interventionist Economy
- Agrarian sector dominated, with industrialization centered in Catalonia, Basque Country, and Madrid
- Improvement of road and banking networks
- High state protection reduced
Understanding Weather Phenomena and Climate Patterns
The Environment: Concept and Parameters
We refer to the set of weather phenomena that characterize the weather situation and weather in a particular place on Earth as the environment.
Climate should not be confused with weather (temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind) at a specific time. Climate results from interactions involving latitude, altitude, continentality, and wind patterns. Understanding climate requires interpreting climographs, which represent different climates of
Read MoreSewage Vetting: Treatment Processes & Low-Cost Technologies
Artificial Vetting of Sewage: Treatment Systems
Pretreatment
Objective: Prepare water for treatment by removing coarse solids, gravel, sand, and grease.
Processes:
- Grinding
- Sand Removal
- Degreasing
Taper: Removal of large solids using filtration screens and grates.
Desanding: Eliminates gravel and other objects. Sedimented objects are scraped and washed.
Degreasing: Removes fats and oils by reducing flow velocity, allowing them to surface.
Primary Treatment
Aims to reduce suspended solids in wastewater.
Processes:
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