Understanding Vertical Temperature Gradients and Atmospheric Stability
Vertical Temperature Gradients
Vertical Gradients: The difference in temperature between two points located at an altitude difference of 100 meters.
The Vertical Temperature Gradient (GTV) represents the vertical variation in air temperature under static or resting conditions. Its value varies with height, latitude, and season.
Inversion: An airspace where the temperature increases with altitude instead of decreasing, i.e., when the GTV is negative. Example: Winter.
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (GAS): This
Read MoreKey Events and Concepts of the Cold War and WWII
Cold War
General Assembly: Body where all UN member states are represented. It dictates resolutions and sanctions approved by a majority.
UNICEF: UN fund responsible for developing programs for the defense and protection of children.
Cold War: Indirect cultural and political confrontation between the USA and the USSR, which emerged after WWII to lead the world.
Arms race: Accumulation of weapons, each time more sophisticated, during the Cold War.
Sputnik: In 1957, the launch of the first artificial satellite
Read MoreSpain’s Geostrategic Position & Relief Features
Consequences and Uniqueness of Spain’s Geographic Position
Spain as a Crossroads
Spain’s natural climatic features are determined by the influence of depressions and anticyclones, and weather conditions generated in the Mediterranean basin. It is also important to remember the influence of centers receiving high or low pressures. Spain has species of flora and fauna of both European and African origin. The Iberian Peninsula has been a settlement site for people from diverse backgrounds, who have approached
Read MoreElectrical Transformation Centers: Components and Classifications
Electrical Transformation Centers (CT) facilitate the installation or transformation of voltage (d1 + d). Transformers reduce high to low tension, complementing the switchgear and precise work. Their function is to distribute electrical energy at different voltages while allowing connection to the line and network at any point.
CT Classification:
- Feeding: (in a point and in step)
- Property: (company-owned or customer-owned)
- Location: (outdoor or indoor)
- Construction: (conventional, prefabricated, compact)
Moon Formation, Earth Tectonics, and Sound Waves
Formation of the Moon
Scientists believe that planets, including those in our solar system, originate from grains of dust. Gravity and other forces cause the dust to combine, ultimately forming planets.
The Sun, planets, moons, and asteroids are thought to have formed around the same time, approximately 4.5 billion years ago, from a nebula.
Solar Nebula Hypothesis
- Planets form from dust grains.
- Gravity causes dust to coalesce.
Nebulae and Moon’s Formation
Collision Theory:
- Collision of a large body with
Brick Masonry: Types, Joints, and Construction Techniques
Brick Masonry: Techniques and Terminology
In brick factories, bricks are placed, overlapping both longitudinally and transversely. The system adopted to interlock the whole structure is called “bonding,” and it is done with mortar. The horizontal layers of bricks are called “courses.” The lines of mortar are called “joints.” Specifically, vertical joints are called “perps,” and horizontal joints are called “beds.” The thickness of these joints is typically between 5 and 12mm.
Types of Joints
- Recessed: