Solid Waste, Renewables, Nuclear, Sewage, and Water Analysis
Solid Waste
Definition: Solid waste refers to all waste materials except hazardous waste, liquid waste, and atmospheric emissions. Solid wastes are generated by commercial, industrial, and institutional sources.
Types of Solid Waste
- Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Comprises small-sized solid waste items from homes, businesses, and institutions with short useful lives and produced in large numbers.
- Bulky Waste: Consists of larger items of solid waste, such as mattresses and appliances, as well as smaller
Evolution of Planetary Models: From Ptolemy to Newton
Evolution of Planetary Models
Models Planted.
1. Ptolemy (2nd Century)
- Geocentric Model: The Earth is at the center of the universe.
- All stars and planets revolve around the Earth in circular orbits.
- To explain the movement of planets against the background of fixed stars (retrograde motion), Ptolemy introduced epicycles and deferents.
- The model is mathematically complex but fits observations well and can be applied in practice (navigation, eclipse prediction, etc.).
2. Copernicus (16th Century)
- Heliocentric
Spain’s Diverse Climates: A Regional Breakdown
Mountain Weather: Includes territories located more than 1000 meters high. This climate has specific characteristics because as altitude increases, precipitation increases and temperatures decrease. In this climate, rainfall often exceeds 1000 mm per year. Temperatures are characterized by an annual low, cool summers, and cold winters.
Oceanic Climate
Oceanic Climate: Is found in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Spain is unique in that it is the only area with this climate that is not a typical
Read MoreWastewater Treatment: Primary and Secondary Processes
Primary Wastewater Treatment
Primary separation of finer suspended solids not separated in pretreatment.
1. pH Control
A preliminary step before precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, biological processes, or the final stage before discharge. The basic principle is: acid + base = salt + water. Different neutralization processes are used for wastewater:
- a) Acidic wastewater: Strong bases (CaO, MgO, NaOH) are added in a stirred tank.
- b) Basic wastewater: Mineral acids are added in a stirred tank.
- c)
Big Bang Theory and Plate Tectonics: Key Concepts
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory was proposed by the Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaître in 1927 and developed by Russian-born American physicist Georges Gamow in 1948. It posits that the universe was created from a singular event, the Big Bang, as follows:
- Initially, all energy, matter, and space were concentrated in a single point, called the primeval atom, characterized by extremely high density and temperature.
- This primeval atom expanded rapidly in a Big Bang, initiating the expansion
Natural Hazards, Resources, and Sustainable Development
Water Cycle: (Rainfall, infiltration, evaporation) solar-driven. Oceanic Conveyor Belt: Distributes heat to all the seas of the planet.
Natural Hazards
Floods: A natural phenomenon with the most casualties. Overflowing rivers or streams, especially in the Mediterranean area (wadi, intermittent water courses), cause strong slope erosion.
Landslides: Falling materials due to steep slopes, often caused by heavy rains and earthquakes. Rock type is a significant risk factor.
Earthquakes: Ground vibrations
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