Earth’s Structure, Processes, and Geological Formations
Earth’s Internal Structure and Composition
- Cortex (Outer Layer)
- Mantle
- Upper Mantle
- Lower Mantle
- Core
- Outer Core (Iron and Nickel)
- Inner Core (Iron)
Earth’s External Structure and Physical Behavior
- Lithosphere – Rigid outer layer
- Asthenosphere – Beneath the lithosphere, a plastic and deformable layer
- Mesosphere – More rigid due to non-plastic materials
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
Relief Transformation Phases
- Orogeny – Mountain-forming processes
- Gliptogenesis – Relief wear from erosion
- Lithogenesis – Formation of new rocks
Vehicle Body and Chassis Types: A Comprehensive Analysis
Vehicle Body and Chassis Types
Separate Chassis and Body (Frame + Body)
This construction method is applied in industrial vehicles, off-road vehicles, and some fiber-bodied automobiles. The body is mounted onto a separate frame.
The frame is a structural element typically formed by steel rails along the vehicle’s length, united by crossmembers. This design provides high resistance and rigidity. When mechanical components are added, it forms a complete chassis. This type is sometimes called ‘K’ frame,
Read MoreThe Impact of Water, Wind, and Ice on Landforms
Geological Agents: Shaping Earth’s Surface
GAERC: Surface Water and Groundwater
Surface water and groundwater are influenced by wind, sea, and ice.
Weathering
Weathering occurs when rocks are broken down into relatively large pieces.
Erosion
Erosion is the wearing away of rocks.
Transportation
Eroded materials are transported to other locations.
Sedimentation
Transported materials are deposited in sedimentary basins.
Surface Water
Surface water originates from rainfall or snowmelt that seeps into the ground.
Read MoreFood Preservation Methods: Fresh, Processed & More
Food Preservation Methods
Types of Food Based on Preservation
Fresh foods: Those for which no process has been implemented for further treatment or conservation, or to transform their appearance.
Perishable foods: These provide the taste for immediate consumption, or a short, very limited conservation time.
Non-perishable food: Dry consistency, lasting much longer. Presented in clean, unbroken containers, with adequate circulating air, they should be stored in remote locations without moisture and odors.
Read MoreEarth’s Structure, Layers, and Plate Tectonics
Hutton and Geological Time
It seemed that no relief was unchanged. Hutton inferred this by observing river sediments. These processes were also used to infer millions of years of geological time.
The Rock Cycle
Sedimentary rocks are transformed with sediment and geological agents.
- Land surface: Weathering and transformation into sediments.
- Inside the crust: Subjected to high temperatures, they become rock.
Modifications Inside the Earth’s Crust
Changes in materials:
Pressure
The pressure increases rapidly
Read MoreEarth’s Crust: Minerals, Rocks, and Geological Processes
Earth’s Crust: Minerals and Rocks
Relief refers to the surface irregularities of the Earth’s crust.
- Land Relief: Above sea level.
- Submerged Relief: Extended under sea level.
Minerals: Composition and Characteristics
Minerals are chemical elements or compounds formed by natural processes, with the following characteristics:
- They are solid.
- They have a fixed chemical composition.
- They originate from natural processes.
- They consist of crystalline material.
Mineraloids consist of amorphous material whose atoms
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