Earth’s Structure, Processes, and Geological Formations

Earth’s Internal Structure and Composition

  • Cortex (Outer Layer)
  • Mantle
    • Upper Mantle
    • Lower Mantle
  • Core
    • Outer Core (Iron and Nickel)
    • Inner Core (Iron)

Earth’s External Structure and Physical Behavior

  • Lithosphere – Rigid outer layer
  • Asthenosphere – Beneath the lithosphere, a plastic and deformable layer
  • Mesosphere – More rigid due to non-plastic materials
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core

Relief Transformation Phases

  • Orogeny – Mountain-forming processes
  • Gliptogenesis – Relief wear from erosion
  • Lithogenesis – Formation of new rocks
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Vehicle Body and Chassis Types: A Comprehensive Analysis

Vehicle Body and Chassis Types

Separate Chassis and Body (Frame + Body)

This construction method is applied in industrial vehicles, off-road vehicles, and some fiber-bodied automobiles. The body is mounted onto a separate frame.

The frame is a structural element typically formed by steel rails along the vehicle’s length, united by crossmembers. This design provides high resistance and rigidity. When mechanical components are added, it forms a complete chassis. This type is sometimes called ‘K’ frame,

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The Impact of Water, Wind, and Ice on Landforms

Geological Agents: Shaping Earth’s Surface

GAERC: Surface Water and Groundwater

Surface water and groundwater are influenced by wind, sea, and ice.

Weathering

Weathering occurs when rocks are broken down into relatively large pieces.

Erosion

Erosion is the wearing away of rocks.

Transportation

Eroded materials are transported to other locations.

Sedimentation

Transported materials are deposited in sedimentary basins.

Surface Water

Surface water originates from rainfall or snowmelt that seeps into the ground.

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Food Preservation Methods: Fresh, Processed & More

Food Preservation Methods

Types of Food Based on Preservation

Fresh foods: Those for which no process has been implemented for further treatment or conservation, or to transform their appearance.

Perishable foods: These provide the taste for immediate consumption, or a short, very limited conservation time.

Non-perishable food: Dry consistency, lasting much longer. Presented in clean, unbroken containers, with adequate circulating air, they should be stored in remote locations without moisture and odors.

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Earth’s Structure, Layers, and Plate Tectonics

Hutton and Geological Time

It seemed that no relief was unchanged. Hutton inferred this by observing river sediments. These processes were also used to infer millions of years of geological time.

The Rock Cycle

Sedimentary rocks are transformed with sediment and geological agents.

  • Land surface: Weathering and transformation into sediments.
  • Inside the crust: Subjected to high temperatures, they become rock.

Modifications Inside the Earth’s Crust

Changes in materials:

Pressure

The pressure increases rapidly

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Earth’s Crust: Minerals, Rocks, and Geological Processes

Earth’s Crust: Minerals and Rocks

Relief refers to the surface irregularities of the Earth’s crust.

  • Land Relief: Above sea level.
  • Submerged Relief: Extended under sea level.

Minerals: Composition and Characteristics

Minerals are chemical elements or compounds formed by natural processes, with the following characteristics:

  • They are solid.
  • They have a fixed chemical composition.
  • They originate from natural processes.
  • They consist of crystalline material.

Mineraloids consist of amorphous material whose atoms

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