Greek Architecture: Characteristics and Orders
Greece: Architecture
a) Characteristics
- Since the creation of art is linked to human life and the polis, all buildings must be proportional to the scale or measure of man. Therefore, the stones should be perfect (isódomos) and not too large, to avoid unreasonable results in buildings.
- As a material, first used the “pores”, conglomerate or sandstone, then hard limestone and, finally, marble (5th century).
- Architecture lintel (pre-Hellenic art influence), seemingly more serene. Renounce the arch and
Fertilization, Plant Anatomy, Animal Nutrition, and Metazoa
Types of Fertilization
Types of fertilization:
- External without a partner (invertebrates): Gametes are fertilized and float together in the water.
- External with a partner (aquatic mobile species): The female deposits eggs, and the male releases sperm over them.
- Internal with a partner (mammals): Sperm enter the female’s genital tract.
Plant Anatomy Definitions
Definitions:
Root: The underground organ that fixes the plant to the soil. It absorbs water and dissolved mineral salts, forming a fluid called
Read MoreThermal Plumes and Rock Deformations: Hotspots and Volcanism
Thermal Plumes and Hotspots
Thermal plumes are columns of hot rock material rising from the base of the mantle towards the surface. They often create zones of intense volcanism known as hotspots.
Hotspot Relief Types
There are three main types of relief associated with hotspots:
- Ocean ridges
- Plateaus
- High continental volcanic islands
Continental Lithosphere and Thermal Plumes
The continental lithosphere is thick, rigid, and dense. When a thermal plume rises beneath it, the rocks at its base expand and become
Read MoreUnderstanding Precipitation, Temperature, and Atmospheric Circulation
Understanding Weather Elements
Types of Precipitation
- Rain: Droplets of liquid water that originate from the condensation of water vapor or ice crystals melting during their fall. Most rain, except in tropical areas, is produced by the latter mechanism.
- Snow: Formed by the growth of ice crystals, often aggregating with smaller crystals. Snowflakes are highly branched aggregates, resulting in a slow rate of fall. Slush can be partially melted snow or frozen rain droplets.
- Hail: Solid ice balls formed
Ecosystems: Definition, Types, and Functioning
Ecosystems: Definition, Components, and Interactions
An ecosystem is a partially constituted physical environment, or biotope (such as a forest, pond, or prairie), and the organisms living in it, the biocenosis (including snakes, grass, lions, etc.). These components interact through a continuous flow of energy and matter.
Biosphere and Interactions
The biosphere is the part of the planet where life exists. It is a large, integrated ecosystem encompassing all of Earth.
- Biotope-Biocenosis Interactions:
Farming Types and Soil Resource Impacts
Types of Farms and Their Impacts
Surface Mining (Pedrera)
Surface mining, or Pedrera, is used when resources are shallow. It involves low-cost extraction of industrial rocks and minerals. This type of exploitation removes material from a mountain using a horizontal front operation. The consequences include:
- Loss of soil
- Landscape impact
- Noise pollution (machinery, trucks)
- Vibration
- Dust pollution
- Risk of landslides after abandonment
Gravel Extraction
Gravel deposits are extracted from sediment, such as river
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