Solar System Bodies and Earth’s Tectonic Activity

Our Solar System

The Sun

The Sun produces vast amounts of energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, which accumulates in the star’s core.

Planets

Planets are celestial bodies orbiting the Sun that possess sufficient mass for their self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces, allowing them to assume a nearly round shape (hydrostatic equilibrium). They are also the dominant gravitational bodies in their orbital environment, having cleared their neighborhood of other objects.

Dwarf

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Fundamental Fluid Mechanics Concepts and Definitions

Pascal’s Principle

When pressure is exerted on a liquid in equilibrium, this pressure is transmitted equally to all molecules throughout the fluid.

Turbulent Flow Regime

Characterized by unequal particle movement, where particles collide with each other and against the walls of the conductive element, bouncing off and losing energy.

Full Contraction in a Hole

Liquid streams (fillets) occupy the periphery of a hole and come close to the interior zones. They slide along the walls and have a very strong

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Earth’s Historical Archives: Rocks, Strata, and Geological Principles

Earth’s Historical Archives: Rocks and Geological Processes

Rocks, historical archives of the Earth, are formed in geological processes and are recorded, useful for:

  • Conserving traces of the environment: where sediments were deposited, undergoing transformations by high temperatures and pressures.
  • Containing fossils: they provide information on what inspired it, can know the age of rocks and environmental conditions in which it was.
  • The information is recorded in strata in chronological order and serves
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Geography & Climatology Glossary: Key Terms Explained

Geography & Climatology Glossary

  • Alcornoke: Evergreen hardwood with thick bark, used for cork, growing in siliceous soils with high rainfall.
  • Flurry: Mobile deposit left by a water course formed by boulders.
  • Thermal Amplitude: Difference between maximum and minimum temperatures.
  • Anticyclone: Mass of high atmospheric pressure; pressure decreases from the center outwards, exceeding 1013 millibars.
  • Aridity: Condition resulting from a lack of rainwater.
  • Avenida / Flood: River flood flow.
  • Badland: Formation
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Transformation of Society: Economy, Class, and Labor

The Industrial Revolution

General Concepts

  1. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th century.
  2. It consisted of a set of large-scale changes that transformed an agricultural and trade economy into an industrialized one.
  3. The causes were:
    • Increased agricultural production through fertilizers, land utilization, and machinery.
    • Improved livestock quality, providing food for the population and raw materials for industry.
    • Rapid population growth, decreased mortality, and improvements in hygiene
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Understanding Natural Disaster Risks: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and More

Understanding Natural Disaster Risks

Risk Assessment: Risk level depends on several factors:

  • Hazard (Peligrosidad): Probability of an event occurring.
  • Exposure (Area Afectada): The value and number of people or assets in the affected area (ecological, economic, and cultural zones).
  • Vulnerability: Percentage of susceptibility to damage and potential for victimization.

The risk can be calculated as: RISK = Hazard * Exposure * Vulnerability

Types of Natural Disasters

Geological (Endogenous and Exogenous)

  • Endogenous
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