Raw Materials, Energy Sources, and Industry Essentials
Raw Materials
Raw materials are found in nature and, through transformation industries, become usable products. There are three types:
- Animal Origin: Materials that come from livestock and are used in the textile industry, for example.
- Vegetal Origin: Products such as cotton, used to make fabrics, or forest products like timber, used for furniture, or rubber, used to manufacture tires.
- Mineral Origin: Raw ore extracted from underground sources. Most cannot be used directly to produce a product.
Types
Read MoreCauses and Development of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Causes of the Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) stemmed from deep-seated political, social, and economic tensions within Spain. Several key factors contributed to the outbreak of the conflict:
- Political Instability: The liberal revolutions of the 19th century in Spain led to a series of violent confrontations. The army frequently intervened through pronunciamientos (military coups), and the population suffered from the distortions of the political system by caciques (local political
Nature, Society, and the Human Being: An Aristotelian View
The Essence of Nature (Physis)
The term physis refers to the essence of nature. Early Ionian philosophers, such as Anaximenes, used physis primarily to understand the origin of things. Aristotle adapted physis to explain the movement or change in natural beings, emphasizing the inherent principle within them. This principle drives the substantial movement of natural beings, aligning with the hylomorphic theory where form actualizes within matter. In essence, the cause of physis is internal, initiating
Read MoreRock Weathering, Erosion, and Geological Agents: Shaping Earth’s Surface
Rock Weathering: Atmospheric Agents
Fragments of rock of any size, composition, or origin are called clasts.
The Role of Rain and Snow
Water dissolves rocks and produces some of the minerals that compose them.
Temperature Changes and Weathering
Dilation occurs when the sun heats the rocks, and contraction happens at night as they cool.
The Freezing of Water
Water infiltrates cracks in rocks, exerts strong pressure, and breaks them apart.
Weathering is the set of processes caused by atmospheric agents that
Read MoreUnderstanding Geologic Time and Unconformities
Geologic Time: An unconformity is a buried surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity? Tilted strata lie below the unconformity; bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity. In the late 1700s, James Hutton published his important work titled Theory of the Earth. Which of the following is not a very long-lived radioactive isotope? C-14. Catastrophism was a philosophy that was first
Read MorePrintable Forms: Types, Manufacturing, and Preparation
Printable Forms and Offset Printing Processes
A printable form is an element placed on a printing machine that makes copies of an original graphic area. The image area retains ink, while the non-image area (contragrafismo) retains water and repels ink.
Planographic Printing Methods
Planographic printing is a method where the image and non-image areas are on the same level. Common examples include:
- Lithography: Uses oil-based ink directly. Historically, lithographic forms were made of stone, but now