Earth’s Internal and External Geological Processes
The geosphere is an active system. As well as using external energy from the sun, it can generate energy internally and transmit it to the surrounding environment. It is also a system in dynamic equilibrium because, despite being in constant change (rise/denudation), the geological processes maintain internal and external balance, respectively. External geological processes are powered by solar energy and gravitational attraction.
Internal Processes
Internal processes are those caused by Earth’s internal
Read MoreTerrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems: A Detailed Analysis
Natural Item 13: Ecosystem Diversity
On the planet, there are two very different environmental media:
- The terrestrial environment.
- The aquatic environment.
There are several differences between the terrestrial and the aquatic environment:
- In the aquatic environment, water is the only life support; it is where the nutrients and carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis and oxygen necessary for respiration are found.
- In the aquatic environment, very sudden temperature changes do not occur. In the terrestrial
Native Plants of Spain: Climate and Soil Influence
Landscape Plants in Spain
Oceanic Climate in the Eurosiberian Floral Region
The most characteristic vegetation is deciduous forest, heath, and meadow.
Deciduous Forest
Consisting of tall trees, with straight trunks and large leaves that fall in autumn. The most characteristic species are oak and beech. Under the trees, ferns and mosses grow in a somber mood in the tops of the trees.
- The heat has been poorly tolerated and requires high humidity. It is well adapted to calcareous and siliceous soils but
Polymer Materials: Properties, Processing, and Applications
Introduction to Polymers
Much of organic natural products consist mainly of complex macromolecules that are repeated systematically. Certain groups of atoms with identical provisions, called monomers, are connected by covalent bonds. Because of cellular activity, thousands of monomer molecules are linked in polymeric macromolecule aggregations, which causes the so-called natural polymers or biopolymers. Chemical technology has allowed us to modify the molecular structure of these materials for their
Read MoreSedimentary Rock Formation and Plate Tectonics
Formation Mechanisms of Sedimentary Rocks
The formation of sedimentary rocks involves a set of physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place on the Earth’s surface and the outer part of the crust in contact with the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.
The following processes occur in the formation of sedimentary rocks:
Weathering: The first step in the formation of sedimentary rocks. Rocks found on the Earth’s surface undergo alteration. This modification can be mechanical,
Read MoreSlope Stabilization Techniques: Methods and Applications
Acting on Geometry
1. Remove the unstable mass: This involves removing material from the upper slope to reduce the forces tending to cause movement.
2. Slope reshaping (Descabezamiento): This involves the removal of material from the upper slope to reduce the driving forces.
3. Toe berms or breakwaters: This involves the placement of a land mass or pier at the foot of the unstable slope to increase the normal stresses at the bottom of the slide surface, which increases its strength.
4. Berms: This corrective
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