Reign of Elizabeth II: Liberalism and Carlist Wars

The Reign of Elizabeth II and the Definitive Establishment of Liberalism in Spain

The reign of Elizabeth II marked the definitive establishment of liberalism in Spain. It happened during a transition from absolutist reformism (ministerial despotism) to a system controlled by moderates. The new liberal system benefited the economic oligarchies. The change developed in the midst of a civil war: the First Carlist War, or the Seven Years’ War, fought between liberals and absolutists.

Political Changes

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Nietzsche’s Critique of Platonism and Metaphysics

Nietzsche’s Critique of Platonism

Nietzsche criticizes Platonism: In The Birth of Tragedy, we see the first new conception describing naturality. Life, through tragedy, is something traversed by the tragic phenomena, the true nature of reality. The Greek tragedy shows the individual’s birth and death (eternal return). Tragedy expresses the construction and destruction, the perpetual becoming of life. It’s a tragic vision where naturality, life and death, birth and decadence are intertwined. The science

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Earth’s Atmosphere: Composition, Layers, and Phenomena

Atmosphere: Composition and Structure

The Earth’s atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (78.88%) and oxygen (20.95%).

Troposphere

In the troposphere, the density gradient decreases with elevation. Approximately 50% of the atmospheric mass is found below 5.5 km, and 75% is below 11 km. The temperature decreases by an average of 6°C per kilometer of elevation.

Atmospheric nitrogen is recycled through human activities and microbial action on animal waste. Oxygen is mainly recycled through respiration

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Water and Air Pollution Control Acts in India: Key Provisions

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and for maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water in the country.

The Act was amended in 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977 to provide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons operating and carrying on certain types of industrial activities.

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Solar System, Earth Systems, and Natural Resources

The Solar System and Earth

The solar system consists of eight planets: four small, inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four major, outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). There are also 152 natural satellites (moons) within the solar system.

Earth: A Unique Planet

Earth is distinct from other planets due to several key factors:

  • Its average distance from the sun.
  • An atmosphere that generates a greenhouse effect, resulting in an average temperature of 15°C.
  • Abundant water,
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Environmental Threats: Toxic Substances, Radiation, Habitat Loss

Other Toxic Substances

Toxic substances are chemicals whose manufacture, processing, distribution, use, and disposal pose a risk to human health and the environment. Most of these toxic substances are synthetic chemicals that enter the environment and persist there for long periods. In areas where chemicals are produced, significant concentrations of toxic substances can accumulate. If these substances seep into the soil or water, they may contaminate the water supply, air, crops, and domestic animals.

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