Transformation of Society: Economy, Class, and Labor

The Industrial Revolution

General Concepts

  1. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-18th century.
  2. It consisted of a set of large-scale changes that transformed an agricultural and trade economy into an industrialized one.
  3. The causes were:
    • Increased agricultural production through fertilizers, land utilization, and machinery.
    • Improved livestock quality, providing food for the population and raw materials for industry.
    • Rapid population growth, decreased mortality, and improvements in hygiene
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Understanding Natural Disaster Risks: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and More

Understanding Natural Disaster Risks

Risk Assessment: Risk level depends on several factors:

  • Hazard (Peligrosidad): Probability of an event occurring.
  • Exposure (Area Afectada): The value and number of people or assets in the affected area (ecological, economic, and cultural zones).
  • Vulnerability: Percentage of susceptibility to damage and potential for victimization.

The risk can be calculated as: RISK = Hazard * Exposure * Vulnerability

Types of Natural Disasters

Geological (Endogenous and Exogenous)

  • Endogenous
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Environmental Issues in Spain: Pollution, Desertification, and Fires

Environmental Issues in Spain

Air Pollution

Air pollution is generated by the emission into the atmosphere of harmful gases consisting of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen, together with aerosols and particles suspended in varied compositions. Some of these gases affect the ozone layer and produce greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming. In Spain, most of these noxious gases come from energy production systems and industrial activities. Also, a significant amount of contamination

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Earth’s Resources and Pollution: A Comprehensive View

Natural Resources

Natural resources are materials found in the environment that are useful to humans. There are two main types:

  • Non-renewable resources: These resources have geological origins and take thousands of years to regenerate, making them limited. Examples include land, fossil fuels, and minerals.
  • Renewable resources: These resources are generated continuously and are not limited. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, and resources obtained from animals and plants.

Water Resources

Water

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Understanding River Deltas, Regression, and the Vital Role of Mangroves

River Deltas: Formation and Characteristics

DELTA: A delta is a triangular landform created at the mouth of a river by the deposition of sediments as the river flows into a larger body of water. The river often splits into multiple channels, forming islands of deposited sediment. Deltas and estuaries are the primary types of river mouths found in seas, lakes, oceans, or other major rivers. Their formation is influenced by the tidal range.

Ebro Delta Regression: A Case Study

REGRESSION Ebro Delta: The

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Construction Materials, Methods, and Foundations

Construction Fundamentals

  • Human Needs: Satisfying diverse human requirements.
  • Techniques: Applying learned technologies and methods.
  • Artistic Aspect: Reflecting social and cultural norms.

Construction Process Elements

  • Project: Developing graphic and documentary plans for the work.
  • Planning: Techniques managing production means, methods, weather, execution phases, interrelationships, and correcting deviations.
  • Method: The chosen construction system.
  • Material Provision: Supplying materials for each phase.
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