Native Plants of Spain: Climate and Soil Influence
Landscape Plants in Spain
Oceanic Climate in the Eurosiberian Floral Region
The most characteristic vegetation is deciduous forest, heath, and meadow.
Deciduous Forest
Consisting of tall trees, with straight trunks and large leaves that fall in autumn. The most characteristic species are oak and beech. Under the trees, ferns and mosses grow in a somber mood in the tops of the trees.
- The heat has been poorly tolerated and requires high humidity. It is well adapted to calcareous and siliceous soils but
Polymer Materials: Properties, Processing, and Applications
Introduction to Polymers
Much of organic natural products consist mainly of complex macromolecules that are repeated systematically. Certain groups of atoms with identical provisions, called monomers, are connected by covalent bonds. Because of cellular activity, thousands of monomer molecules are linked in polymeric macromolecule aggregations, which causes the so-called natural polymers or biopolymers. Chemical technology has allowed us to modify the molecular structure of these materials for their
Read MoreSedimentary Rock Formation and Plate Tectonics
Formation Mechanisms of Sedimentary Rocks
The formation of sedimentary rocks involves a set of physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place on the Earth’s surface and the outer part of the crust in contact with the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.
The following processes occur in the formation of sedimentary rocks:
Weathering: The first step in the formation of sedimentary rocks. Rocks found on the Earth’s surface undergo alteration. This modification can be mechanical,
Read MoreSlope Stabilization Techniques: Methods and Applications
Acting on Geometry
1. Remove the unstable mass: This involves removing material from the upper slope to reduce the forces tending to cause movement.
2. Slope reshaping (Descabezamiento): This involves the removal of material from the upper slope to reduce the driving forces.
3. Toe berms or breakwaters: This involves the placement of a land mass or pier at the foot of the unstable slope to increase the normal stresses at the bottom of the slide surface, which increases its strength.
4. Berms: This corrective
Read MoreUnderstanding Geographic Coordinates: Meridians and Parallels
Geographic coordinates are a set of imaginary lines that can pinpoint a spot on the Earth’s surface. This set of lines corresponds to the meridians and parallels. Any item on our planet can be placed upon meeting the meridian of longitude and the parallel of latitude.
They Help Determine:
- The location of a place on the Earth’s surface.
- Formed by the intersection of a parallel (which tells us the latitude from 0° to 90° north or south) and a meridian (which tells us the longitude from 0º to 180º
Key Concepts in Geography, Environment, and Earth Science
Desertification
Desertification is the transformation of land used for crops or pastures into desert or near-desert lands. Desertification is moderate when lost productivity is between 10% and 25%. It is severe if the loss is between 25% and 50% and very severe if greater. The process of desertification is observed in many parts of the world and is a serious threat to the environment and agricultural performance in some areas.
Geography
Geography is the science that studies the Earth, the livelihoods
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