Spain’s Fishing Industry: Evolution and EU Policy

Spain’s Fishing Regions and Fleet

Regions: Pescadores and Caladeros

The PSCA (presumably a typo, possibly meaning ‘Spanish fishing sector’) is active in any city with “caladeros” (fishing grounds). This includes setting and pulling fishing gear. Problems arise with national and international restrictions on the PSCA in community and international fishing grounds.

National Caladeros

The PSCA operates inshore and coastally. The first operations were carried out by an artisanal fleet, comprised of small

Read More

Cellular Components: Structure and Function

Membrane Components

The cell membrane (CM) surrounds the cell, separating the internal environment from the external. These organelles have a similar composition:

  1. Lipids: Phospholipids (glycerin + fatty acids + phosphoric acid or amino alcohol) and sphingolipids (amino alcohol + saturated or unsaturated fatty acids + another component (galactose, oligosaccharides or complex). They have an amphipathic character in bilayers, performing rotational movements, lateral diffusion, flip-flop, and flexion.
Read More

Spanish Forest Ecosystems

Deciduous Forests and Heathlands

Deciduous Forest

Tall trees with smooth, straight trunks and large leaves that fall in autumn. These trees often form large masses. They tolerate heat and cold well, requiring high humidity. They thrive in limestone and siliceous soils, particularly in the Cantabrian Mountains and Pyrenees of Navarre. Their fast-growing, high-quality wood is used for furniture and utensils.

Tree Mountain

This species prefers limestone and siliceous soils and grows quickly. Its wood is

Read More

Culture Media Preparation Technique

Culture Media Preparation

According to the presentation: Dew refers to single-phase (solid, semi-solid, and liquid) and two-phase media.

General Technique for Preparing Culture Media

  1. Weighing: Carefully weigh the extract components or commercial dry media on a watch glass or in a beaker (depending on the quantity).
  2. Hydration: Add the required volume of distilled water.
  3. Dissolving: Stir the mixture in distilled water and heat to boiling. Maintain boiling for 1 to 2 minutes.
  4. pH Adjustment: Check the pH
Read More

Key Ecological Concepts: Cycles, Pollutants, and Factors

Wilson Cycle and Supercontinents

The Wilson Cycle proposes that every 400-500 million years, all land masses join together to form a supercontinent. Pangea was the last supercontinent, and it is currently disintegrating. Before Pangea, there was likely another supercontinent called Pannotia. This cycle is related to the Hercynian orogeny, which was important in forming the oldest reliefs in the Iberian Peninsula.

Water Pollutants

Water pollutants include any living organisms, chemicals, or forms of

Read More

Wastewater Treatment: Stages and Processes

Wastewater Treatment: An Overview

Wastewater treatment is a crucial process divided into several stages to remove contaminants and make water safe for reuse or discharge. This document outlines the key stages involved.

Pre-treatment

Pre-treatment serves to regulate and measure the flow into the plant, extract large floating solids and sand. This stage uses equipment such as grilles and screens. The plants are designed to treat a specific volume of water. Pretreatment steps include:

  1. Entry and Elevation
Read More