Renewable Energy Sources and Smart Energy Solutions
Engineering Portion
Causes of Wind
Atmospheric pressure differences (pressure = Force/area). Average pressure at sea level: 1 atm = 29.92 inHg = 14.7 psi.
Types of Windmills
- Small (<10 kW) – Home, farm, remote applications (telecommunications, water pumping)
- Medium (10-250 kW) – Village, hybrid, distributed power
- Large (250 kW-2 MW) – Central wind farms, distributed power
Factors Affecting Wind Power Generation
In order of importance: [Power in wind = 1/2ρAV3] A = Swept area (πR2); V = Wind speed;
Read MoreSustainable Practices: Cultivation, Population, and Water
Sustainable Cultivation Practices
Polyculture and monoculture: Agricultural spacing is divided into multiple parts. Different species are grown. Monoculture is a specialized agricultural crop with a single product.
Irrigation and scanning: In the landscapes of water extraction, irrigation of the subsoil, and through channels, sprinklers, etc., the fields are driven by a shaft. The crops in principle scan alone and are supplied with water, but it is a frequent technical practice of irrigation in traditionally
Read MoreArgentina’s Borders: Boundaries, Limits, and Geographic Features
Argentina’s Boundaries and Frontiers
Boundaries and frontiers of Argentina: This is where one country ends and another begins. On maps, it is represented by a line.
In the field, the limit can be represented by:
- River: A river boundary.
- Mountains: The limit is orographic.
- Straight lines: A geometric limit.
- Parallel and Meridian: Geodetic.
Argentina’s Borders: A Zone of Cultural Exchange
Borders: The strip of land that straddles the international boundary. It is an area where the definitive characteristics
Read MorePlate Tectonics: Convergence, Subduction, and Lithospheric Dynamics
Convergence: Ocean Between Two Plates
When oceanic lithosphere cools and thickens as it moves from a ridge, it eventually breaks and subducts. Characteristics of subduction zones:
- Great bow
- Intense magmatism resulting in volcanic islands
- Tectonic erosion
- Merging of oceanic crust into the sublithospheric mantle
- Low pressure from the overriding plate on the subducting plate, leading to:
- Easy subduction of sediments
- Formation of a deep ocean trench
Convergence: Oceanic and Continental Lithosphere
Characterized
Read MoreSpain’s Fishing Industry: Evolution and EU Policy
Spain’s Fishing Regions and Fleet
Regions: Pescadores and Caladeros
The PSCA (presumably a typo, possibly meaning ‘Spanish fishing sector’) is active in any city with “caladeros” (fishing grounds). This includes setting and pulling fishing gear. Problems arise with national and international restrictions on the PSCA in community and international fishing grounds.
National Caladeros
The PSCA operates inshore and coastally. The first operations were carried out by an artisanal fleet, comprised of small
Read MoreCellular Components: Structure and Function
Membrane Components
The cell membrane (CM) surrounds the cell, separating the internal environment from the external. These organelles have a similar composition:
- Lipids: Phospholipids (glycerin + fatty acids + phosphoric acid or amino alcohol) and sphingolipids (amino alcohol + saturated or unsaturated fatty acids + another component (galactose, oligosaccharides or complex). They have an amphipathic character in bilayers, performing rotational movements, lateral diffusion, flip-flop, and flexion.