Properties and Applications of Non-Ferrous Metals
Classification of Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals are classified as heavy, light, and ultralight. Generally, non-ferrous metals are soft and have little mechanical resistance. Their properties improve when alloyed with other metals.
Key Non-Ferrous Metals and Their Properties
Tin
Tin is a relatively scarce metal in the Earth’s crust and is often found in mines. The most exploited tin ore is cassiterite, where tin is found in oxide form. Key characteristics include:
- Pure tin has a bright, silvery
Reign of Elizabeth II: Liberalism and Carlist Wars
The Reign of Elizabeth II and the Definitive Establishment of Liberalism in Spain
The reign of Elizabeth II marked the definitive establishment of liberalism in Spain. It happened during a transition from absolutist reformism (ministerial despotism) to a system controlled by moderates. The new liberal system benefited the economic oligarchies. The change developed in the midst of a civil war: the First Carlist War, or the Seven Years’ War, fought between liberals and absolutists.
Political Changes
Read MoreNietzsche’s Critique of Platonism and Metaphysics
Nietzsche’s Critique of Platonism
Nietzsche criticizes Platonism: In The Birth of Tragedy, we see the first new conception describing naturality. Life, through tragedy, is something traversed by the tragic phenomena, the true nature of reality. The Greek tragedy shows the individual’s birth and death (eternal return). Tragedy expresses the construction and destruction, the perpetual becoming of life. It’s a tragic vision where naturality, life and death, birth and decadence are intertwined. The science
Read MoreEarth’s Atmosphere: Composition, Layers, and Phenomena
Atmosphere: Composition and Structure
The Earth’s atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (78.88%) and oxygen (20.95%).
Troposphere
In the troposphere, the density gradient decreases with elevation. Approximately 50% of the atmospheric mass is found below 5.5 km, and 75% is below 11 km. The temperature decreases by an average of 6°C per kilometer of elevation.
Atmospheric nitrogen is recycled through human activities and microbial action on animal waste. Oxygen is mainly recycled through respiration
Read MoreWater and Air Pollution Control Acts in India: Key Provisions
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and for maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water in the country.
The Act was amended in 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977 to provide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons operating and carrying on certain types of industrial activities.
Read MoreSolar System, Earth Systems, and Natural Resources
The Solar System and Earth
The solar system consists of eight planets: four small, inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four major, outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). There are also 152 natural satellites (moons) within the solar system.
Earth: A Unique Planet
Earth is distinct from other planets due to several key factors:
- Its average distance from the sun.
- An atmosphere that generates a greenhouse effect, resulting in an average temperature of 15°C.
- Abundant water,