Key Figures and Events in 19th Century Spain

Desamortización (Disentailment)

A legal concept that implied that a set of goods ceased to be amortized. It was one of the reform processes that formed part of the 19th-century agrarian reform and allowed the privatization of assets, both rustic and urban, belonging to the Church and municipalities, through sale by auction.

Mutiny of Aranjuez

It was a popular uprising triggered by the deployment of Napoleon’s troops in Spain and the growing unpopularity of Manuel Godoy. On the night of March 17, 1808,

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Earth’s Internal Heat: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plate Tectonics

Earth’s Internal Heat

The Earth’s internal heat was formed by:

  • Meteorite impacts
  • The collapse of iron, which generates heat by friction
  • Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Plutonium, emitting energy as radiation

Manifestations of Internal Heat

The Earth’s internal heat manifests in several ways:

  • Volcanism: Magma rises to the surface from deep within the crust.
  • Earthquakes: Sudden, jerky movements of the Earth’s crust.
  • Continental Drift: Horizontal displacement of continents.
  • Isostasy: Slow
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How Natural Forces Shape Earth’s Landscapes

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces due to atmospheric agents. Two key factors in this process are:

  • Temperature: High temperatures facilitate chemical reactions that disintegrate rocks.
  • Humidity: Humidity facilitates chemical reactions and produces weathering.

Types of Weathering

  • Chemical Weathering: The decomposition of rocks through chemical reactions, altering their mineral composition. Rainwater, being slightly acidic, reacts with
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Spain’s Environmental Challenges: Hazards, Pollution, and Conservation

Environmental Challenges in Spain

Spain faces a combination of natural and human-induced environmental problems. Natural processes pose significant risks, including geological hazards. Human activities contribute to diverse issues, such as desertification, erosion, environmental pollution, and waste generation, all linked to the current model of human development.

Geohazards and Morphological Risks

These hazards arise from tectonic activity:

  • Earthquakes: The southern peninsula lies in a contact zone
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Landscapes, Environmental Impact, and Natural Resources

Topic 9: The Landscape

The landscape is an environment we have around us in which our members are elements. It is something which depends on the value of a criterion being. The relief is an aspect of the landscape.

Forms of Relief:

  • Mountains
  • Plains

Factors Influencing the Landscape:

  • Weather
  • Human presence (natural or humanized)
  • Density, type of vegetation, and wildlife (desert, meadow, forest)
  • Extent of ground (small or large)
  • Perspective of the viewer (we see a line of peaks or a cut of ground)
  • Subjective
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Lamarck’s Theory: Evolution Through Acquired Traits

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Lamarck formulated the first comprehensive theory of evolution. He proposed that the vast diversity of organisms, then believed to be static creations of God, had evolved from simpler forms. He posited that organisms themselves drove this evolution through their ability to adapt to their environment. Changes in the environment generated new needs, leading to modifications that were then inherited by subsequent generations.

His theory was supported by the existence of

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