Key Figures and Events in 19th Century Spain
Desamortización (Disentailment)
A legal concept that implied that a set of goods ceased to be amortized. It was one of the reform processes that formed part of the 19th-century agrarian reform and allowed the privatization of assets, both rustic and urban, belonging to the Church and municipalities, through sale by auction.
Mutiny of Aranjuez
It was a popular uprising triggered by the deployment of Napoleon’s troops in Spain and the growing unpopularity of Manuel Godoy. On the night of March 17, 1808,
Read MoreEarth’s Internal Heat: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Internal Heat
The Earth’s internal heat was formed by:
- Meteorite impacts
- The collapse of iron, which generates heat by friction
- Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Plutonium, emitting energy as radiation
Manifestations of Internal Heat
The Earth’s internal heat manifests in several ways:
- Volcanism: Magma rises to the surface from deep within the crust.
- Earthquakes: Sudden, jerky movements of the Earth’s crust.
- Continental Drift: Horizontal displacement of continents.
- Isostasy: Slow
How Natural Forces Shape Earth’s Landscapes
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces due to atmospheric agents. Two key factors in this process are:
- Temperature: High temperatures facilitate chemical reactions that disintegrate rocks.
- Humidity: Humidity facilitates chemical reactions and produces weathering.
Types of Weathering
- Chemical Weathering: The decomposition of rocks through chemical reactions, altering their mineral composition. Rainwater, being slightly acidic, reacts with
Spain’s Environmental Challenges: Hazards, Pollution, and Conservation
Environmental Challenges in Spain
Spain faces a combination of natural and human-induced environmental problems. Natural processes pose significant risks, including geological hazards. Human activities contribute to diverse issues, such as desertification, erosion, environmental pollution, and waste generation, all linked to the current model of human development.
Geohazards and Morphological Risks
These hazards arise from tectonic activity:
- Earthquakes: The southern peninsula lies in a contact zone
Landscapes, Environmental Impact, and Natural Resources
Topic 9: The Landscape
The landscape is an environment we have around us in which our members are elements. It is something which depends on the value of a criterion being. The relief is an aspect of the landscape.
Forms of Relief:
- Mountains
- Plains
Factors Influencing the Landscape:
- Weather
- Human presence (natural or humanized)
- Density, type of vegetation, and wildlife (desert, meadow, forest)
- Extent of ground (small or large)
- Perspective of the viewer (we see a line of peaks or a cut of ground)
- Subjective
Lamarck’s Theory: Evolution Through Acquired Traits
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Lamarck formulated the first comprehensive theory of evolution. He proposed that the vast diversity of organisms, then believed to be static creations of God, had evolved from simpler forms. He posited that organisms themselves drove this evolution through their ability to adapt to their environment. Changes in the environment generated new needs, leading to modifications that were then inherited by subsequent generations.
His theory was supported by the existence of
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