Chilean Ecosystems: Flora, Fauna, and Soil Composition

The accumulation of organic material in the A horizon can incorporate agricultural activity, especially fruit farming.

Shrubland Ecosystem

Flora: Shrubland, with xerophytic species such as goat’s horn and Brad.

Fauna: Rodents, such as opossums and chinchillas, and birds such as swallows and seven-colored tanagers.

Steppe Region: Arctic Spring (Blooming Desert)

Located in the central depression between Inca de Oro and Vallenar (approximately 27° to 29° South Latitude).

Vegetation: Developed with winter

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Earth’s Dynamics: Continents, Oceans, and Atmosphere

Continental Drift and Internal Forces

Continental Drift: The theory of continental drift posits that approximately 200 million years ago, Earth had a single supercontinent called Pangaea. This landmass subsequently broke apart, with the fragments (tectonic plates) gradually moving to their current positions.

Internal Forces: The Earth’s internal forces are responsible for phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

  • Earthquakes result from vibrations or seismic waves within the Earth.
  • Volcanoes are
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Key Figures and Events in 19th Century Spain

Desamortización (Disentailment)

A legal concept that implied that a set of goods ceased to be amortized. It was one of the reform processes that formed part of the 19th-century agrarian reform and allowed the privatization of assets, both rustic and urban, belonging to the Church and municipalities, through sale by auction.

Mutiny of Aranjuez

It was a popular uprising triggered by the deployment of Napoleon’s troops in Spain and the growing unpopularity of Manuel Godoy. On the night of March 17, 1808,

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Earth’s Internal Heat: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plate Tectonics

Earth’s Internal Heat

The Earth’s internal heat was formed by:

  • Meteorite impacts
  • The collapse of iron, which generates heat by friction
  • Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Plutonium, emitting energy as radiation

Manifestations of Internal Heat

The Earth’s internal heat manifests in several ways:

  • Volcanism: Magma rises to the surface from deep within the crust.
  • Earthquakes: Sudden, jerky movements of the Earth’s crust.
  • Continental Drift: Horizontal displacement of continents.
  • Isostasy: Slow
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How Natural Forces Shape Earth’s Landscapes

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces due to atmospheric agents. Two key factors in this process are:

  • Temperature: High temperatures facilitate chemical reactions that disintegrate rocks.
  • Humidity: Humidity facilitates chemical reactions and produces weathering.

Types of Weathering

  • Chemical Weathering: The decomposition of rocks through chemical reactions, altering their mineral composition. Rainwater, being slightly acidic, reacts with
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Spain’s Environmental Challenges: Hazards, Pollution, and Conservation

Environmental Challenges in Spain

Spain faces a combination of natural and human-induced environmental problems. Natural processes pose significant risks, including geological hazards. Human activities contribute to diverse issues, such as desertification, erosion, environmental pollution, and waste generation, all linked to the current model of human development.

Geohazards and Morphological Risks

These hazards arise from tectonic activity:

  • Earthquakes: The southern peninsula lies in a contact zone
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