Earth’s Internal Processes and Mountain Formation

Earth’s Internal Processes

Internal processes are those directly or indirectly caused by the Earth’s internal heat:

  • Metamorphism
  • Magmatism
  • Isostasy (epirogenic movements)
  • Orogenesis (orogenic movements)

Magmatism and Plate Tectonics

Rock melting can be produced by the following processes:

  • A raise in the rock temperature
  • A drop in the confining pressure
  • The presence of fluids (water)

According to plate tectonics, three igneous environments exist:

  • Continental rifts, mid-ocean ridges: Mantle rocks melt by a drop
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Understanding Sound: Properties, Production, and Human Perception

Sound: Creation and Characteristics

Sound is produced by the vibration of bodies. In some cases, these vibrations are observable with the naked eye.

What is Sound?

When a body vibrates, it causes buoyant air particles to collide, compressing them and increasing their pressure. Shortly after, the opposite effect occurs: the air particles separate, reducing the pressure and causing rarefaction.

The vibrations of the membrane are transmitted to the air in the form of compressions and rarefactions of its

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Sun, Soil, and Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Overview

Sun Soil

Sun and Soil Composition

Core inner, photosphere composition

Hydrogen to helium rocks and minerals:

Distance – gravel, sand, clay

earth 15C moon -18 organic matter

radiation–visible light -humus, organisms

invi—x-ray, gamma, ultraviolet air and water

Greenhouse Characteristics

30% reflect Profile-surface to bedrock(horizon (0,A,B,C))

20% absorb texture-size of the mineral particle in soil

50%earth -sandy(no floods)-coarse particles

gasses–global warming – clay(floods)-fine particles

glacier retreat

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Understanding Soil Composition, Factors, and Horizons

Soil, whether single-layer or composed of multiple layers, consists of three primary elements: solid components, liquids, and gases. The solid parts are comprised of minerals, particles from rock erosion, and organic matter.

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

The alteration of the terrestrial mineral medium is influenced by climate and living organisms. Soil formation begins with the physical disintegration of rocks through contact with the atmosphere, allowing vegetation to establish. Key factors

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Understanding Gypsum, Lime, and Cement: Properties and Uses

Types of Casts

Gypsum

Gypsum Black: Obtained from algez and contains many impurities. It is calcined directly, often containing ashes and blackened smoke. It is used in works where high quality is not required.

Tendido: Black chalk.

  1. Guarnecido
  2. White gypsum plaster

Gypsum White: In cases of the greatest purity and fineness of grind, it is much higher in quality than black chalk and requires more careful calcination. It is used in coatings and is also called plaster and stucco.

Escayola: White plaster of

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Volcanic Risks and Prevention: A Detailed Analysis

Volcanic Risk

Volcanoes are cracks on the Earth’s surface where magma flows out from deep within the Earth. Volcanic eruptions can have both negative and positive influences. Volcanoes have historically provided fertile land, mineral resources, and geothermal energy. The number of direct victims is not very high, but there can be significant economic losses.

Volcanic Products

  • Gases: Primarily water vapor, CO2, N2, and H2S.
  • Liquids: Lava.
  • Solids: Pyroclastics.

Volcano Location

Volcanoes have a very close

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