Understanding Natural Disaster Risks: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and More
Understanding Natural Disaster Risks
Risk Assessment: Risk level depends on several factors:
- Hazard (Peligrosidad): Probability of an event occurring.
- Exposure (Area Afectada): The value and number of people or assets in the affected area (ecological, economic, and cultural zones).
- Vulnerability: Percentage of susceptibility to damage and potential for victimization.
The risk can be calculated as: RISK = Hazard * Exposure * Vulnerability
Types of Natural Disasters
Geological (Endogenous and Exogenous)
- Endogenous
Environmental Issues in Spain: Pollution, Desertification, and Fires
Environmental Issues in Spain
Air Pollution
Air pollution is generated by the emission into the atmosphere of harmful gases consisting of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen, together with aerosols and particles suspended in varied compositions. Some of these gases affect the ozone layer and produce greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming. In Spain, most of these noxious gases come from energy production systems and industrial activities. Also, a significant amount of contamination
Read MoreEarth’s Resources and Pollution: A Comprehensive View
Natural Resources
Natural resources are materials found in the environment that are useful to humans. There are two main types:
- Non-renewable resources: These resources have geological origins and take thousands of years to regenerate, making them limited. Examples include land, fossil fuels, and minerals.
- Renewable resources: These resources are generated continuously and are not limited. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, and resources obtained from animals and plants.
Water Resources
Water
Read MoreUnderstanding River Deltas, Regression, and the Vital Role of Mangroves
River Deltas: Formation and Characteristics
DELTA: A delta is a triangular landform created at the mouth of a river by the deposition of sediments as the river flows into a larger body of water. The river often splits into multiple channels, forming islands of deposited sediment. Deltas and estuaries are the primary types of river mouths found in seas, lakes, oceans, or other major rivers. Their formation is influenced by the tidal range.
Ebro Delta Regression: A Case Study
REGRESSION Ebro Delta: The
Read MoreConstruction Materials, Methods, and Foundations
Construction Fundamentals
- Human Needs: Satisfying diverse human requirements.
- Techniques: Applying learned technologies and methods.
- Artistic Aspect: Reflecting social and cultural norms.
Construction Process Elements
- Project: Developing graphic and documentary plans for the work.
- Planning: Techniques managing production means, methods, weather, execution phases, interrelationships, and correcting deviations.
- Method: The chosen construction system.
- Material Provision: Supplying materials for each phase.
Ecology Essentials: Abiotic and Biotic Environmental Factors
Ecology Definition by Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel first used the term ecology. Ecology is the branch of natural science focused on the study of living organisms and their relationships with the abiotic and biotic environment.
Abiotic Factors
1. Water and Sanitation
Water is the universal solvent and a primordial factor in ecosystem formation. Alongside wind, it can change the geography of an area. It is a renewable natural resource, intervening through the hydrologic cycle, giving character to an ecosystem.
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