Atmosphere, Climate, and Weather Measurement
Atmospheric Science Fundamentals
Atmosphere: Composition and Properties
The Atmosphere is a gaseous mass that envelops the Earth, extending up to 1000 km. It filters solar heating, absorbs water vapor, and is rich in nitrogen.
Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
- Solar Radiation: The warming of the atmosphere and land by the sun.
- Terrestrial Radiation: The heat emitted from Earth into the atmosphere.
Gradients and Pressure Measurement
- Altotermic Gradient: The direct relationship between temperature and height.
Global Population & Energy Systems: Dynamics and Applications
Population Growth Dynamics
Current World Population: 7.3 Billion
World population today: 7.3 Billion
The Population Hourglass
- 7 billion now (2011)
- 140 million born each year
- 57 million die each year
- 108 billion estimated to have ever lived on Earth
Population Density: Understanding Distribution
Population density (number of persons per square km) is more useful than its inverse. The inverse of population density is the area per person.
Key Factors Affecting Population
- Population
- Growth rate
- Life expectancy
- Fertility
- Developing
Earth’s Dynamic Geology: Rock Cycle and Formation Processes
Geology: Earth’s Materials, History, and Phenomena
Geology is the science of Planet Earth as a whole. It describes the materials that form it, helps us learn its history and evolution, and seeks to understand the cause of endogenous and exogenous phenomena.
The Rock Cycle: Earth’s Dynamic Processes
The rock cycle describes how magma becomes igneous rocks, and how sediments can be generated, forming sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Igneous and sedimentary rocks, in turn, can give rise to metamorphic
Read MorePlastic’s Environmental Toll: Impacts and Sustainable Solutions
Understanding Plastic’s Environmental Impact
Today, the widespread use of plastic is a significant environmental concern due to its proven harm. It has been demonstrated that plastic waste impacts not only the planet but also all living beings: humans, animals, and plants. There are several critical reasons why plastic is categorized as harmful to the planet, and understanding these consequences is crucial for our collective future.
Plastic’s Lethal Impact on Wildlife
Plastic’s devastating impact extends
Read MoreLife’s Journey: Origins, Evolution, and Human Development
Theories on the Origin of Life
Panspermia: Life from Outer Space
Panspermia states that life emerged from outer space to colonize our planet. It suggests that life, in the form of very simple organisms, moves throughout the universe and colonizes planets.
Abiogenesis: Life’s Terrestrial Beginning
Abiogenesis proposes that life appeared on Earth 3.5 billion years ago, when the necessary prebiotic conditions for life began. It suggests this was a unique and unrepeatable fact.
The Process of Obtaining Life
The
Read MoreSterilization Techniques and Protocols for Healthcare
Sterilization: Principles and Importance
Sterilization is the process of killing all types of microorganisms, whether pathogenic or non-pathogenic, including their resistant forms (bacterial spores). Sterilization involves the use of physical or chemical methods for the complete destruction of all microorganisms and spores present on a material. A sterile material is considered aseptic.
Functions of the Sterilization Service
The sterilization service performs several critical functions:
- Receives materials