Environmental Risks and Energy Production in Catalonia
Energy Production
Energy is the ability of a system to produce external actions. Any action that results in a change, such as the direct action of sunlight on the atmosphere, creates differences in temperature, giving rise to wind, waves, and rain. Energy sources that come directly from the sun are called wind, hydro, solar thermal, and solar photovoltaic.
Renewable Energy
The main types of renewable energy used in our country are hydroelectric, wind, solar, and biomass. While hydroelectric energy
Read MoreCivil Protection and Emergency Response in Madrid
PLATERCAM: Civil Protection in the Community of Madrid
The Community of Madrid, by virtue of its powers, has prepared the Territorial Plan of Civil Protection of the Community of Madrid (PLATERCAM), approved by Decree 85/1992 of December 17, with the character of Master Plan. The PLATERCAM is intended to address situations of serious risk, catastrophe, or public calamity that may arise within their territory and establish the general organization.
Assumptions in Plan Implementation by Levels:
- Level
Manufacturing Processes and Materials: Properties and Applications
Manufacturing Processes and Materials
Key Definitions
- Process: The set of activities ordered to achieve a particular goal.
- Manufacturing: A group of organized activities scheduled for the processing of materials, objects, or services into articles or services useful to society.
- Material: A substance used to produce any element.
- Efficiency: The numerical relationship between the amount achieved by a system and the maximum amount that the system can achieve.
- Effectiveness: Estimating the fulfillment of
Environmental Issues and Solutions: A Comprehensive Analysis
Environmental Issues and Their Impact
Relief and Coastal Alterations
Continental Relief: Significantly altered by extractive mining, quarrying, and infrastructure development (e.g., roads).
Coastal Sites: Undergoing severe alterations due to erosion, urban pressure, sand and gravel extraction, and the construction of artificial beaches and marinas.
Policy aims to recover the “naturalness” of these spaces by controlling further development.
Atmospheric Pollution
Caused by the emission of harmful products,
Read MoreRenewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources: Types and Uses
Non-Renewable Energy
Types of Coal
| Type | Anthracite | Bituminous Coal | Lignite | Peat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage Carbon | 95% | 85% | 75% | 50% |
Calorific Value | 8000 Kcal/Kg | 7000 Kcal/Kg | 6000 Kcal/Kg | 2000 Kcal/Kg |
| Source | Primary | Primary | Secondary | Very recent |
Coke Production
Coke is obtained from coking coal. The coal is introduced into closed chambers. The temperature is increased to about 1100ºC for about 16 hours, after which it is transferred off the tower.
Thermal Power Plant Operation
Coal is pulverized and introduced into the boiler, where it is
Read MorePrinciples and Concepts of Stratigraphy in Geology
**Stratigraphy**
Stratigraphy is the study of layered (stratified) rocks, primarily sedimentary rocks, focusing on their composition, origin, age relationships, and geographic extent. However, it also applies to certain igneous rocks, such as layered lava flows or volcanic ash beds, which follow the principles of stratigraphy. Additionally, some metamorphic rocks exhibit stratification and can be studied using stratigraphic principles.
Principle of Biological Succession: Different kinds of plants
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