Understanding Earth’s Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate
Earth’s Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate
Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, extending from the ground to an average height of 11 km. It contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere’s total mass of gases and 90% of its water vapor. This is where most meteorological phenomena occur, such as cloud formation, precipitation, and wind.
Other Atmospheric Layers
The other layers of the atmosphere include:
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
Unequal Distribution of Solar
Read MoreMetamorphic, Sedimentary, and Igneous Rocks: Types & Formation
Metamorphic Rocks
In some places within the Earth’s interior, rocks are under very high pressures and temperatures, but do not melt. Because of these conditions, the rocks change in texture and composition. These changes are called metamorphism.
Influence of Pressure
Due to the influence of pressure, the holes in the rocks are reduced. If they have crystals, elongated or flattened perpendicular planes are arranged in the dominant pressure direction. This creates sheets, a phenomenon called foliation.
Read MoreEnergy Sources in Spain: A Detailed Analysis
Hydrocarbons
The boom in Spain was in the 1960s when the industry adopted oil as a low-cost energy source. Oil consumption has risen due to its use in transport, despite fluctuations in its price. Oil production in Spain is negligible and is located in central Iberia. Therefore, most of the oil is imported from other countries, with a large portion coming from the Middle East.
The primary use of oil is for the production of electricity in power plants. The main objective is to obtain oil derivatives
Read MoreGeological Features and Relief Types: A Comprehensive Analysis
Geological Features and Relief Types
Features Rel. Peni.
- Form solid
- High average altitude
- Disposal of peripheral mountainous
Types of Uni. Morfoest.
a) IC sockets plains or plateaus formed in the primary era, mat. siliceous rocks very rigid
b) Solid old mountains formed in the Tertiary, Paleozoic mat.
c) Elevations plegamientograndes mountain ranges encountered in the Tertiary by the folding of mat. sedimentarios. There are two types:
- Intermediate ridges formed by the folding of material deposited by the
Coca, Cocaine, Psychedelics, and Designer Drugs: An Overview
Coca and Cocaine: A Historical Perspective
Cocaine’s introduction to Europe occurred in the mid-nineteenth century. Albert Niemann isolated the active ingredient in 1860, and Wilhelm established the alkaloid’s chemical formula in 1862. In 1884, Karl Köhler performed the first surgical procedure using cocaine as a local anesthetic. Sigmund Freud conducted a pilot study in 1884 to assess its potential in treating psychiatric diseases. Initially, Freud championed cocaine, highlighting its stimulant
Read MoreFishing Grounds: National, Community, and International
Fishing Regions: National, Community, and International
National, community, and international fishing regions:
The fishing activity takes place in any of these regions, setting or pulling. Problems include national and international restrictions and depletion of fishing grounds in community and international waters.
National Fishing Grounds
These are inshore and coastal fishing grounds. The primary operation performed supplies a significant national demand, mostly carried out by artisanal fleets, integrated
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