Concrete Additives and Mortar Types: A Detailed Look
Concrete Additives
Air-entraining additives are chemicals that create tiny air bubbles within the concrete mass. These bubbles, with diameters less than 2mm, are incorporated in small doses.
Expanders are products based on aluminum powder that produce gas. This generates a volume increase of about 2% within the concrete mass, reducing segregation and exudation.
Water-repellents include waterproofing incorporators and air-entraining agents. They are prepared on the basis of soaps and petroleum products.
Read MoreBiosphere Resources: Soil Formation, Erosion, and Forest Management
Item 12. Resources of the Biosphere
1. Factors That Condition Soil Formation
Time is a nonrenewable resource because it takes a long time to regenerate. The factors influencing soil formation are: climate (conditional on the type of weathering of the bedrock, and of vital importance in their evolution), topography, the nature of the bedrock, biological activity, and time.
2. Soil Erosion and Desertification
Direct Methods for Detecting Erosion:
Physical Indicators:
- Grade 1: Sheet erosion – a more or
Ecology: Understanding Ecosystems and Their Impact
Ecology: Understanding Ecosystems
Ecology is the science that studies the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
Types of Ecology
- Individual Ecology: Compares the life cycle, migration, and size of two or more species.
- Behavioral Ecology: Studies the behavior of a species in its habitat.
- Population Ecology: Studies the population of one species.
- Community Ecology: Studies the interaction between two or more species.
- Ecosystem Ecology: Studies two or more species within the ecosystem.
Atmospheric Dynamics, Energy Efficiency, and Aluminum Production
Atmospheric Dynamics
Horizontal atmospheric circulation, driven by surface winds, is called viento. Divergent and convergent winds form anticyclones and cyclones (anti borrascas). When highs and lows are near each other, surface wind blows from the high-pressure area to the low-pressure area. High-altitude winds flow in the opposite direction. Wind paths are not straight; terrain can amplify or create eddies. The Coriolis effect also influences wind trajectory.
The Coriolis Effect
The Coriolis force,
Read MoreEffective Recycling Methods for Various Waste Materials
Recycling of Various Materials
Paper and Paperboard Recycling
Recycling paper and paperboard constitutes 20-25% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). A considerable portion ends up as waste or is incinerated, which is environmentally and economically undesirable.
Paper, due to its high cellulose content, should be considered a raw material for manufacturing new paper. The cost of recycled paper production is lower, requiring less water and energy than production from wood. Technically, obtaining paper from
Read MoreSpanish Landscapes: Ocean, Mountain, Mediterranean & Canary
Ocean Landscape
Topography:
- The mountainous character of the Galaico-Leonese Massif and the Cantabrian Mountains is present.
- The Cantabrian coast is steep and straight.
- The Galician coast features estuaries.
Climate:
- Oceanic or Atlantic climate: Characterized by mild temperatures throughout the year and low thermal amplitude, with cool summers and mild winters. Rainfall is abundant and regular, with a minimum in summer.
Hydrography:
- Rivers belong to the Norte watershed. They are short rivers with abundant