Chemical Contaminants: Classification and Impact
Classification of Chemical Contaminants by Presentation
Aerosol
An aerosol is a dispersion of solid or liquid particles smaller than 100 μm in a gaseous medium. Aerosols exhibit a range of physical states:
- Powder (Dust): Airborne solid particles from physical disintegration processes, ranging from 0.1 to 25 μm in size.
- Mist: Airborne liquid droplets generated by condensation from a gaseous state or by liquid spray disintegration, ranging from 0.01 to 10 μm.
- Fog: Visible airborne liquid droplets caused
Soil Composition, Horizons, and Types
Soil Factors
The bedrock is the mineral substrate from which the soil is formed, affecting its color, texture, structure, permeability, and acidity.
The climate is the most influential factor in pedogenesis. Rainfall supplies water for biological activity and chemical leaching or dissolution, dragging items from the topsoil. Soil can be zonal (closely linked to climate) or azonal (related to factors other than climate).
The topography also influences soil composition: plain areas accumulate coarse
Read MoreClimate of Spain: Factors, Elements, and Types
Climate Factors in Spain
Spain’s diverse weather and climate result from geographical and thermodynamic factors.
Geographical Factors
- Latitude: Spain’s location in the Northern Hemisphere’s temperate zone creates distinct seasons (summer, winter, spring, autumn).
- Situation: The Iberian Peninsula’s position makes it a crossroads for diverse air masses.
- Sea Influence: Limited sea influence due to the peninsula’s width, low coasts, and mountainous terrain.
- Relief: Topography influences climate through altitude,
Mineral Formation Processes
Mineral Formation
Crystallization Processes
Crystal Habit: Describes the macroscopic appearance of minerals. The habit is influenced by external factors, such as environmental conditions during formation.
Elementary Cell: Characterized by a parallelepiped defined by the positions of atoms, ions, or molecules in space.
Node: The position of particles within the unit cell.
Formation Methods
- Solidification: By cooling molten material, as with volcanic lava.
- Sublimation: From the rapid cooling of a gas, such
Wastewater and Stormwater Systems in Buildings
Communal Bathroom Plumbing
In a communal bathroom, a siphon system can handle discharge from toilets and urinals. The drainage system should be reinforced, with a single trap for each fixture. Never install two devices with a shared trap, as this creates an air bubble preventing water from draining.
The siphon tube diameter connects to the stack, boat, and basin. The siphon pot connects to the sink with a 30mm or 50mm siphon.
Velocity Limits in Sanitation Channels
Why are there upper and lower speed
Read MoreSpain’s Diverse Climates: A Comprehensive Analysis
Spain’s Climate Diversity
2.1. Oceanic Climate
Spain is characterized by a great diversity of climates, resulting from a combination of various climatic factors. These factors can be grouped into two main sets: geographic and thermodynamic factors.
Geographic Factors
These factors explain the climatic differences across Spain: latitude, location, and the influence of relief. The temperate latitude in the Northern Hemisphere determines the existence of two seasons (summer and winter) separated by two
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