Landforms: Classification and Characteristics
Relief is the aspect of the land surface, influenced by the biota.
Descriptive Classification of Landforms
Landforms are classified by their appearance. This classification uses terms such as:
- Mountain: Isolated relief that has a large gap between its base and the surrounding region.
- Hill: Isolated relief with little difference in elevation.
- Valley: A generally low-lying area that has narrow, steep walls on either side.
- Plateau: Isolated, elevated, flat relief.
- Terraces: Graduated relief.
Major Landforms
The
Read MoreMicropiles: Advantages, Uses, and Applications
Micropiles: are structural elements that transmit the load from one structure to deeper soil layers.
Advantages: Speed, economy and minimal discomfort compared to other works implementing systems. Facilidad inclined angles. The drill is very similar to that of a survey. Because of its thinness works almost exclusively by stem so the tip rests in a more compact layer.
Disadvantages: The relationship between the cost and the maximum load is greater in a micropile in a pile. No have a good performance
Adaptations, Populations, Ecosystems, and Earth’s Dynamics
Adaptations to Sunlight
Not all species need the same amount of light; therefore, they adapt their vision to the conditions they require. For example, owls have adapted to see at night.
Adaptations to Salt Concentration
Osmosis controls the water that enters and leaves the body. If there is too much salt, water leaves the organism, causing death. If the salt concentration is too low, too much water enters the body, also resulting in death.
Adaptations to Lack of Oxygen
Low oxygen levels cause problems.
Read MoreUnderstanding Water Runoff, Infiltration, and Evapotranspiration
Runoff and Infiltration
Water that falls as rain or snow can evaporate, drain, or infiltrate. This depends on:
- Rate of precipitation (intensity and duration)
- Soil water content (soil capacity)
- Slope and vegetation
Runoff
Runoff is the flow of water from precipitation to rivers located at a lower elevation. This occurs when the capacity of soil infiltration is exceeded. It also refers to water leaving a drainage area.
Types of Runoff
Infiltration
Infiltration is the absorption and downward movement of water
Read MoreSlope Stability: Causes, Types, and Prevention
Slope stability is a critical aspect of understanding and managing the movements of materials on slopes. These movements are induced by gravity and can lead to instability. This document explores the causes, types, and prevention of slope movements.
Factors Influencing Slope Stability
Several factors influence slope stability, including:
- Gravitational forces: The primary driver of slope movements.
- Weathering: The process of breaking down rocks and materials.
- Slope geometry: The angle and shape of the
Environmental Challenges in Spain and the Canary Islands
Environmental Challenges in Spain
The main environmental problems in Spain may be of geological, geomorphological, and atmospheric origin (droughts and floods). As for those of geological origin, we must mention earthquakes. Spain’s position at the boundary between the African and Eurasian plates means earthquakes are common, though most are of limited magnitude. The most affected areas are primarily the southeast peninsula and, to a lesser extent, the Pyrenees.
On the other hand, we cannot forget
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