The Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Themosphere and Ionosphere
It extends from 80 to 600 km high and its boundary with the thermopause Exosphere.
– It is so named because most of the molecules present are ionized by the absorption of solar radiation of high energy (gamma rays, X-rays of ultraviolet radiation), causing the loss of nitrogen and oxygen ionized electrons being loaded +, detached electrons originate electric fields across the layer and release heat (filter function).
– The charges accumulate + Ionosphere and the Earth’
Geography Vocabulary: Weather, Terrain, and Coastal Features
Total Solar Insolation: The total solar insolation received by Earth’s surface.
Isobars: Lines joining points with the same pressure.
Isohyets: Lines joining points with the same precipitation.
Coastal Ocean: The ocean side of the coast, from low to high tide.
Plateau: A large area, slightly hilly, with an altitude above 300 meters above the neighboring regions of different origins (volcanic, sedimentary, tectonic erosion).
Peninsula: Land surrounded on all sides by sea, except for an isthmus that connects
Read MoreUnderstanding Oceanic and Continental Crust Dynamics
A Structured Soil Layers: Differences in Geochemical Units: refer to the Chemical Composition of the materials that compose them. Certainty: The outer layer extends to the Moho discontinuity. The most abundant chemical elements are: O, Si, Al. Continental Certainty: ranges from 25 to 70 km thick. The bottom half is dominated by metamorphic rocks, while the surface consists of Sedimentary Rocks. Ocean Certainty: is much thinner, between 5 and 10 km. It consists of three levels: Layer of Sediments,
Read MoreOceanic Crust Formation and Thermal Subsidence
Oceanic crust in the deep ocean consists of several layers of sediment. The most superficial layers are recent, and their age increases with depth. The age of the oldest sediment in each area is similar to the age of the basalts beneath them, representing the age of the oceanic crust at that location.
Three key observations are consistent across all oceanic basins:
- Basalts are present at the ridges, indicating formation within the last million years.
- The age of ancient basalts beneath the sediments
Earth Science: Key Concepts and Definitions
Key Concepts in Geology and Climatology
In geology, a fault is a discontinuity that forms in the rock fracture surface of the Earth (about 200 km depth) where tectonic forces exceed the resistance of the rocks. The rupture zone is an area, generally a well-defined fault plane, and its formation is accompanied by a landslide of rocks tangential to this plane.
An area of low pressure, or a storm, is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than the surrounding air. Tropical storms, extratropical
Read MoreUnderstanding Erosion, Natural Risks, and Landslides
Erosion and Geological Activity
Erosion is identified as one of the principal external geological activities on Earth. Generally, it is considered responsible for the leveling of landforms over time, causing spectacular modifications in the geographical landscape. Various external geological agents exist, leading to different types of erosion. Key examples include:
- Wind erosion
- Glacier erosion
- River erosion
- Marine erosion
Prevention of Structural Damage from Floods
Structural Measures include:
- Building