Human Evolution: From Archaic Homo to Modern Society

The Origin, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern Humans

Early Archaic Homo

Early Archaic Homo: < 500,000 BP; Africa, Asia, Europe (Kabwe, Atapuerca). Key examples include Kabwe (Broken Hill) in Africa, Atapuerca in Europe, and Dali in China. These are all skeletal remains.

Physical appearance, technology, subsistence, “teamwork and tools”; Levallois Culture: Mousterian. The stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique. Levallois is a distinctive method of stone

Read More

Beach Erosion: Causes, Impacts, and Prevention Strategies

Beach Formation and Types

Beaches are landforms made of loose sediments shaped by wave dynamics. They form where waves and currents deposit sediment along the coast. Beach types vary with tide changes and are broadly grouped into:

  • Free Beaches: Sediments are trapped by topography.
    • Comet Tail Beaches: Develop behind obstacles like islets or reefs.
    • Tombolo Beaches: Connect the coast to an islet.
    • Ear Beaches: Derived from tombolo beaches, reduced by strong currents.
    • Coastal Line Beaches: Formed from abundant
Read More

External Geodynamic Processes: Landslide and Flood Risks

Landslide Risks from External Geodynamic Processes

Flood Risk: Causes of Natural Inundations

Causes of Climatic Origin

  • Coastal cyclones
  • Extreme weather events
  • Rapid ice and snow melt
  • Temperate climates with marked periods of drought followed by torrential rainfall

Obstruction of Natural River Channels

  • Direct anthropogenic causes: Construction in riverbeds, dam breaks, waterworks, sudden water release, mining and tailings
  • Indirect anthropogenic causes: Deforestation, loss of vegetation cover, poor farming
Read More

Environmental Pollution: A Threat to Human Existence

Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means adding impurities to the environment. The environment consists of Earth, water, air, plants, and animals. If we pollute them, then the existence of humans and nature will be hampered.

The Escalating Problem of Deforestation and Global Warming

It is true that trees are being cut down rapidly. Our Earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues, the day is not far when our Earth will be a boiling pan and

Read More

Environmental Impact Assessment: Cabo de Gata Case Study

Question 2: Environmental Impact Assessment of Algarrobico Beach

Location: Algarrobico Beach, Cabo de Gata Natural Park (Almería)

a) Description of Environmental Impact

The image depicts the bottom of the blade at Algarrobico Beach, located within the Cabo de Gata Natural Park in Almería. The photograph reveals a significant environmental impact, primarily a visual and landscape impact, which is negative and partly reversible. This impact stems from a change in land use, transitioning from a protected

Read More

Aljaferia Palace: Architecture and History of the Taifa Kingdom

Aljaferia Palace: Architectural Features

The top of the arch has no scrolls but features lobed arches. The arches at the bottom allow access to the Throne Room. We see mixtilinear arches, a novelty of the Taifa kingdoms, originating from Tunisia. There is a prolongation of the branches from the arches. A horseshoe arch at the top is supported by paired columns. Medallions are placed at the corners of the arch panels around the arcade.

Throne Room Characteristics

The Throne Room loses depth, reflecting

Read More