Andalusian & Catalan Coasts: A Geomorphological Study
Andalusian Atlantic Coast
The Andalusian Atlantic coast stretches from the Portuguese border to the Rock of Gibraltar and the Bay of Cádiz. Alluvial deposits from rivers have created low-lying coastal plains with small sand dunes, similar to those found along the coasts of Huelva and Cádiz. Ocean currents accumulate sand in places, forming littoral arrows (coastal formations built up from accumulated material resting on a rocky coast or island).
If these sandy formations run parallel to the coast,
Read MoreSeed Maturity & Propagation Techniques: Lab Methods & Field Practices
Determining Seed Maturity: Lab Methods
1. Dry Weight
Maximum dry weight indicates maturity.
2. Moisture Content
Some fruits lose moisture during maturation.
3. Analysis and X-ray Method
Chemical analysis and X-ray imaging can assess maturity.
Determining Seed Maturity: Field Methods
1. Fruit Weight
Fruit weight generally decreases with maturity.
2. Seed Contents
Mature seeds have a firm, white endosperm and a well-developed embryo.
3. Fruit Color and Odor
Slight variations in color and odor can indicate maturity.
Read MorePower Plant Fundamentals: Types and Hydroelectric Systems
Power Plants Producing Energy
The need for electricity in large quantities requires power plants, installations that convert primary energy into electricity. These facilities use machines and equipment to generate power.
Types of Power Plants
Based on the overall network consumption, power plants are classified as:
- Basic or Main Power Plants: Supply electricity continuously (e.g., nuclear, large thermal, hydroelectric).
- Peaking Power Plants: Meet peak-time demands.
- Reserve Power Plants: Replace base production
Environmental Issues: Pollution, Deforestation, and Resource Depletion
Environmental Problems
Human activities negatively impact the environment through habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources, and pollution.
Air Pollution
Air pollution stems from both primary pollutants directly emitted into the atmosphere and secondary pollutants formed through chemical reactions. Key pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, smoke, and chlorine. These originate from fuel combustion, industrial emissions, vehicles, and domestic
Read MoreUnderstanding Spanish Weather: Temperature, Winds, Humidity & More
Weather Elements in Spain
1 – Temperatures
Temperature measures the degree of heat in the air, measured in degrees by a thermometer. Lines connecting points with the same average temperature are called isotherms. Key temperature factors include:
- Latitude: Higher average temperatures are reached in southern latitudes (Andalusia and the Canary Islands).
- Sea Influence: The sea moderates temperatures.
- Altitude: Temperature decreases with altitude, with significant differences between sunny (south-facing)
Spain’s Diverse Vegetation: A Complete Overview
Spain’s Rich Vegetation and Flora
Vegetation and flora encompass all plant species within a region. Earth’s major plant communities are known as floral kingdoms, further divided into regions. The Iberian Peninsula belongs to the Holarctic Kingdom, which includes land north of the Tropic of Cancer. This kingdom comprises three regions: the Boreoalpine region (high mountain areas like the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains), the Siberian region (northern Peninsula and parts of the Central and Iberian
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