Empiricism: Core Principles and Impact on Philosophy
In a broad sense, empiricism describes any philosophical position that considers experience as the source of knowledge or the limit of knowledge (maintained by numerous philosophers, such as Aristotle, Epicurus, the Stoics, Thomas Aquinas, and Ockham). However, in a strict sense, empiricism is a philosophical current that emerged in opposition to rationalism in 17th-century England, developing during the 18th century. Its main representatives are J. Locke, G. Berkeley, and D. Hume. T. Hobbes is
Read MoreRaw Materials and Energy Sources in Spain: An In-Depth Look
Raw Materials and Energy Sources
Raw materials are resources used to make products, either finished or semi-finished. They can be classified into two types:
- Raw materials of organic origin
- Mineral raw materials
Mineral Raw Materials
a) Metallic Minerals: Found in certain areas.
b) Non-metallic Minerals: Found in Paleozoic formations.
Industrial rocks (clay, sand, limestone, etc.) are also important. National production of minerals is insufficient for self-sufficiency, requiring trade, which creates a deficit.
Read MorePulmonary and Plant Respiration: A Detailed Analysis
Pulmonary Respiration
In pulmonary respiration, gas exchange takes place in specialized cavities with highly vascularized, thin walls called lungs. These cavities are connected to the outside through:
- Nostrils: Where air is heated and cleaned of impurities.
- Pharynx: Connects the nasal passages, mouth, and throat.
- Larynx: Reinforced by cartilage and contains the vocal cords.
- Trachea: A tube reinforced with cartilaginous rings, serving as a cleaning area, which bifurcates into the bronchi.
- Bronchi, Bronchioles,
Atomic Structure and Chemical Laws: Key Discoveries
**Guy-Lussac’s Law**
The French chemist, Guy-Lussac, studied the behavior of gases when their temperature changed. His studies extended to all gases and he found that, regardless of the nature of the gas in question, the behavior was similar. Guy-Lussac’s law, also known as one of the two laws on the expansion of gases, states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. These studies later led him to investigate the chemical reactions of gaseous substances, discovering
Read MoreEconomic Impact of World War I: 1919-1929
Imbalances in the Global Economy After World War I
The First World War had profound economic and social effects between 1919 and 1929, including the consolidation of the economic supremacy of the United States.
Consequences of the War
The Great War marked the disarticulation of the economies of the combatant countries, which had oriented their production and economic activity towards war efforts. This resulted in millions of human lives lost, the destruction of infrastructure, and new investment needs.
Read MoreProduction Theory: Inputs, Outputs, and Costs
Theory of Production: Exercises in Production
1. Production with One Input Variable: Total Output, Average Product, and Marginal Product
The production function is an equation, table, or graph that shows the maximum quantity (q) of a product that can be produced per unit of time for each set of alternative inputs, when using the best available production techniques.
For example, consider an agricultural production curve using different alternative quantities of labor per unit of time to cultivate a
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