Wastewater Treatment: Flotation and Sedimentation Techniques

Wastewater Treatment: Flotation and Sedimentation

Flotation is a process for separating solids of low density or liquid particles from a liquid phase. The separation is accomplished by introducing a gas (usually air) in a liquid phase in the form of bubbles. The liquid phase is subjected to a pressurization process to achieve an operating pressure ranging from 2 atm in the presence of sufficient air to obtain air and water saturation. Then, the air-saturated liquid undergoes a process of depressurization

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Earth’s Geosphere: Composition, Minerals, and Resources

The Geosphere: Earth’s Solid Layers

The geosphere is generally a solid layer, although in some areas it may be molten due to high internal temperatures. It consists of rocks, minerals, and metals. The geosphere has three main layers:

  • Crust: The outermost solid layer, with a thickness of 27 to 70 km on continents and 6 to 18 km under the oceans.
  • Mantle: The intermediate layer, composed of rocks, extending from the crust to a depth of 2,900 km.
  • Core: The deepest layer, consisting of an iron-nickel core
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Earth and Space Science: Key Concepts and Phenomena

Key Concepts in Earth and Space Science

Atmospheric Science

Fronts: Boundary surfaces that separate air masses of different densities.

Fujita Scale: A scale used to measure tornado intensity based on the damage produced by the storm.

Saffir-Simpson Scale: A scale used to measure the intensity of hurricanes.

Composition of Dry Air:

  • Nitrogen (N): 78.084%
  • Oxygen (O): 21%
  • Argon (Ar): 0.934%
  • Neon (Ne): 18.2 ppm
  • Helium (He): 5.24 ppm
  • Methane (CH4): 1.5 ppm
  • Krypton (Kr): 1.14 ppm
  • Hydrogen (H): 0.5 ppm
  • Carbon Dioxide
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Power Generation: Types of Power Plants and Generators

Electric Generator

Transforms mechanical energy into electricity. Generators produce electricity from the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field created by a magnet or an electromagnet.

Consists of two main parts:

  • Stator: A fixed part containing a metallic core with copper wires.
  • Rotor: A moving part that rotates around an axis, containing circuitry that becomes electromagnets when subjected to an electric current.

Non-Nuclear Power Plants

In these plants, mechanical energy to move turbines, connected

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Soil Ecology: Organisms, Environmental Factors, and Clay Minerals

Soil Ecology: Organisms and Their Roles

Nature Activities and Role in Metabolic Energy Transformation Processes

Environmental Parameter Relations

Relationships between microbial activity measured by the respiratory activity of soil CO2 flux.

Microfauna
  • Protozoa
  • Nematodes
Microflora
  • Actinomycetes
  • Fungi
  • Soil Algae
Monera (Prokaryotes)
  • Bacteria:
    • Streptomyces
    • Pseudomonas
    • Nitrobacter
    • Nitrosomonas
  • Anaerobic:
    • Clostridium
  • Aerobic Actinomycetes:
    • Streptomyces
    • Bacteria to hyphae – Nocardia (degrade humic substances)
Cyanobacteria
  • Nostoc
  • Anabaena

Synthesize

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Earth’s Dynamic Processes: Sea Level, Fossils, and Plate Tectonics

Changes in Sea Level

  • Change in volume of ocean water: The climate has changed many times throughout Earth’s history. During glaciations, ice sheets covered much larger areas than today. Much of the seawater evaporated, precipitated as snow on the continents, and the ice accumulated. This water did not return to the ocean, causing a decline in sea level.
  • Variation in the shape of ocean basins: Various internal processes can raise or sink the ocean bottom, changing its shape. This variation can cause
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