Building Materials and Construction Techniques
Stone Materials
Rocks
Ceramic Materials
Clay, cooked or not, presented as:
- Raw clay: sun-dried (bricks)
- Fired brick or tile: kiln-fired, with varying colors and irregularities, often used in rehabilitation
- Clay in thick paste: primarily used in Mesopotamia
- Clay soil: packed or pressed against molds (rammed earth)
Organic Materials
Wood and straw
Mortars
Mixtures for joining pieces:
- Crude mixtures: soil (usually clay) and water
- Typical mixtures: sand, water, and lime, gypsum, bitumen, natural pozzolan cements
All
Read More20th-Century Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy
Primo de Rivera Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Key Events:
- Suspension of the Constitution
- Growth of large monopolistic companies and public works
- Barcelona Universal Exposition and Seville Ibero-American Exhibition
- End of the Rif War in Morocco after the Alhucemas landing
Spanish Economy in the First Third of the 20th Century
Interventionist Economy
- Agrarian sector dominated, with industrialization centered in Catalonia, Basque Country, and Madrid
- Improvement of road and banking networks
- High state protection reduced
Understanding Weather Phenomena and Climate Patterns
The Environment: Concept and Parameters
We refer to the set of weather phenomena that characterize the weather situation and weather in a particular place on Earth as the environment.
Climate should not be confused with weather (temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind) at a specific time. Climate results from interactions involving latitude, altitude, continentality, and wind patterns. Understanding climate requires interpreting climographs, which represent different climates of
Read MoreSewage Vetting: Treatment Processes & Low-Cost Technologies
Artificial Vetting of Sewage: Treatment Systems
Pretreatment
Objective: Prepare water for treatment by removing coarse solids, gravel, sand, and grease.
Processes:
- Grinding
- Sand Removal
- Degreasing
Taper: Removal of large solids using filtration screens and grates.
Desanding: Eliminates gravel and other objects. Sedimented objects are scraped and washed.
Degreasing: Removes fats and oils by reducing flow velocity, allowing them to surface.
Primary Treatment
Aims to reduce suspended solids in wastewater.
Processes:
Read MoreRock Formation and Transformation Processes
1.3 Magmatism and Plate Tectonics
Magmatism is a geological process linked to plate tectonics.
Construction at Edges: 80% of terrestrial magmatism occurs due to reduced pressure and increased temperature, producing basaltic magma that consolidates into plutonic gabbro.
Destructive Edges: 12% of high-temperature magma forms due to water presence. Magmas originate superficially (basaltic, leading to volcanic rocks) or deeper (high viscosity, forming plutonic granites) and intermediate (volcanic andesites
Read MoreElectricity Generation and Distribution: Power Plants
Power Plants Producing Energy
The immediate need for large quantities of electricity requires power plants that convert primary energy into electrical energy. These facilities have driving machines and equipment to generate electricity.
Production, Transportation, and Energy Consumption
The main element of most power plants, except photovoltaic, is the electric generator or alternator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electricity is transferred from power stations to consumption
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