Alhambra and Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba: Architecture

The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba

The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba is the result of four stages of construction. It serves as a prayer room for believers and consists of 514 columns. The columns from the time of Abderrahman I varied in material, including marble and granite, resting on pedestals that differ in height and type of molding. Their stems are smooth or fluted, vertical or spiral. To provide the necessary height and lightness, picture rails with scrolls rolled up on themselves (roll modillions)

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Understanding Volcanic Activity and Other Natural Hazards

Risks Associated with Volcanic Activity

Explosions of the Volcano: This occurs when highly viscous magma causes violent explosions, ejecting clouds loaded with liquid magma fragments and solid rock fragments from the vent, or recently formed rocks. These rocks form a cloud called a pyroclastic flow, which moves at high speed down the slopes, dragging everything in its path.

Rain of Pyroclastic Materials: In volcanoes that eject a large amount of fine material, the material is entrained by the exiting

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Labor Movements, Societal Shifts, and Women’s Rights in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Labor Movement’s Fierce Fight for a Better Life


In the 19th century, workers began to improve their working conditions by destroying the machines (Luddism) to which they blamed their situation. From the first half of the 19th century, doctrines and organizations emerged.

The Principal Doctrines


Thinkers analyzed society and began to advocate for a different society. This encompassed two ideological currents:

  • Marxism was the ideology that had the most influence on the proletariat. The key to capitalist
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Geographical and Geological Overview

Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Ivan Sedlo saddle, found between the mountains of Bitovnja and Bjelašnica, connects the two major parts of the country: the more populated and abundant in forests and land, Bosnia in the north, and the smaller, rocky Herzegovina in the south. The natural border between Bosnia and Herzegovina is the mountain range of Vran, Raduša, Vranica, Bitovnja, Bjelašnica, Treskavica, Zelengora, and Maglić.

  • Northernmost part: Bosanska Dubica
  • Southernmost part: Podtirovnik
  • Westernmost
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Karl Marx: 4 Key Influences on His Revolutionary Thought

Karl Marx: Four Influences on His Thought

1. The Enlightenment

Marx was influenced by **Enlightenment ideology** and the concept of reason, especially practical reason. The first was oriented towards social programs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with his defense of natural equality, greatly influenced him.

2. Hegelian Philosophy

Marx accepted and took care of the transformation of the ideal, and the religious notion of alienation from Feuerbach, as well as the ideal and religious thought. From Hegel, he took

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Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Acoustic Pollution

Traffic is the main source of acoustic pollution in cities, followed by construction. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that excessive noise can cause undesirable effects.

Sources of Noise

  • Means of transportation
  • Construction of buildings
  • Industrial activities
  • Leisure activities (especially at night)

Physiological Alterations

Demonstrated reduction or loss of hearing, depending on the time of exposure to noise and its intensity.

Preventive Measures

Locate activities that generate

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