Biotechnology: Applications in Industry and Environment
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially used in agriculture, pharmacy, food science, environment, and medicine. It develops into a multidisciplinary approach involving various disciplines and sciences like biology, biochemistry, genetics, virology, agronomy, engineering, physics, chemistry, medicine, and veterinary, among others. It has a great impact on pharmacy, medicine, microbiology, food science, mining, agriculture, and other fields.
Under the Convention on Biological
Read MorePlate Tectonics: Understanding Earth’s Dynamic Processes
Pangaea: The Supercontinent
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed in 1912 that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. He theorized that the continents gradually drifted apart over what he believed to be a flat ocean bottom.
Evidence Supporting Continental Drift
Wegener used several lines of evidence to support his theory:
- Fossil Matches Across Oceans: Similar fossils are found near coastlines on different continents.
- Rock Types and Structures Match: Geological
Essential Machining Operations: Sawing, Filing, Chiseling, Reaming, and Drilling
Sawing
The saw blade. The first operation of sawing permits the removal of leftover pieces. A saw consists of a sheet of tempered steel with a smooth part and a toothed part.
Types of saw blades:
- Bimetal saw blades
- Bilateral saw blades
Bimetal saw blades are tempered. Bilateral saw blades present teeth on each side.
Tooth pitch. It is the distance between teeth. If the pitch is fine, the teeth will be smaller, otherwise, they will be larger.
What is tooth set? To avoid wedging and eventual damage to the
Read MoreAsynchronous Induction Motors: Operation and Characteristics
Asynchronous Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
This document details the equivalent circuit of an asynchronous squirrel-cage induction motor. We will cover the tests and approximations used to determine the equivalent circuit parameters. The two main tests are the no-load test (open circuit) and the short-circuit test (rotor blocked).
A) No-Load Test (or Open Rotor Test)
This test consists of running the motor at no mechanical load, meaning the rotor is free. In this condition, the motor’s speed is
Read MoreMarine Bacteria: Metabolism, Habitats, and Ecological Roles
Are Marine Bacteria Oligotrophic, Psychrophilic, Mesophilic, or Barophilic?
Marine bacteria can be oligotrophic (thriving in low-nutrient environments), psychrophilic (cold-loving), mesophilic (moderate temperature-loving), or barophilic (pressure-loving), depending on the species and their specific environment.
Metabolism of Nitrobacter to Incorporate Cellular Carbon
Nitrobacter incorporates cellular carbon through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, using the energy generated from the oxidation of nitrite
Read MoreOptical Physics and Gravitational Fields: Principles and Phenomena
Optical Physics
Scientific Methods
Described since the 17th century, plasmonics can be traced back to Galileo Galilei.
S5aC
Leucippus and Democritus proposed that vision was preferentially produced by objects’ images that reach the eyes and then the soul, giving life to individuals’ vision.
17th Century
At the end of the Pythagorean school, the eyes were thought to emit a beam of fire that caught invisible entities. In the 17th century, rational Arabs introduced concepts close to those studied by scientists.
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