The Decline of Habsburg Spain and the Rise of the Bourbons
The Decline of the Hispanic Monarchy
Reign of Felipe III: A Pacifist Approach
Felipe III presided over the largest empire but delegated his authority to a valido who depended on the king’s favor. He faced several problems, which he solved with pacifist policies, including:
- Peace with England: Solidified by the Treaty of London.
- Peace with France.
- The Twelve Years’ Truce with the Netherlands: This was an indirect way of recognizing the northern provinces’ independence, as this truce could not be renewed.
Factors Leading to the Russian Revolution of 1917
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Key Causes of the Russian Revolution (1917)
1. Autocratic Rule of the Czars
Czar Alexander II introduced some reforms in Russia and gained popularity. However, his successors, Czar Alexander III and Czar Nicholas II, became despotic. During their
Read MoreAfrican History: Empires, Trade Routes, and Cultural Shifts
Key Concepts in African History
- Almoravids & Songhai: Successive empires in West Africa.
- Ahmadu Bamba & Muridism: The founder of the Murid Sufi brotherhood.
- Berbers: Indigenous peoples of North Africa, masters of the desert.
- Swahili Coast: A center of the Indian Ocean trade network.
- Great Zimbabwe: A powerful medieval Southern African civilization.
- Sundiata & Balla Fasséké: The founder of the Mali Empire and his griot.
- Mansa Musa & Mali: The renowned emperor of the Mali Empire.
Islam’s
Read MoreSocial and Political Opposition in Restoration Spain
Opposition to the Cánovas System (1875–1902)
The opposition to the established political system emerged from movements outside the official electoral framework. These groups sought to improve the lives of the working class and challenge the policies of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
The Rise of Anarchism and Marxism
The world of labor lived outside the electoral system, seeking to improve the lives of workers. Anarchist ideas were introduced by Fanelli, a follower of Bakunin. Marxism was introduced
Read MoreThe Foundations of Francoism: Ideology and Institutions
Ideological Foundations of Francoism
The new system introduced in 1939 was based from the outset on very clear ideological foundations:
- Concentration of Political Power in Franco. The “unwavering commitment” to the Leader was the key element of the whole political edifice of Francoism.
- Anticommunism. Directed against the so-called ‘Red Menace,’ ranging from the extreme left to the bourgeois democratic revolution.
- National Catholicism (Nacionalcatolicismo). The Church had baptized the military uprising
Early American History Quiz Answers: Indigenous Peoples and Colonization
Quiz Questions: Early American History
Agriculture and Indigenous Societies
- Agriculture in North America: Arose nearly simultaneously as in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere.
- The Three Sisters Crops: The crops most commonly grown by Native Americans, known as the “Three Sisters,” include all of the following *except*: Wheat.
- Native American Ancestry/Descent: The best term to describe this is: Matrilineal.
- Largest City in the Mississippian Empire: Cahokia.
- Native American Group in Chaco Canyon: Pueblo.
- Native American