The Power Structure of Franco’s Regime: The Families of the Movement
The Families of the Francoist Regime
Franco relied on the Falange and its partners among the ideological groups called the Families of the Regime.
1. The Falange: From Ideology to Loyalty
The Falange’s Transformation
- In 1939, the Falange was vastly different from what it had been during the Republic.
- Following the unification process of 1937, which removed figures like José Antonio and other deceased leaders, the new party swelled significantly, gaining “600,000 members in the months following the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Korean Security
Three Pillars of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The three pillars of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are:
- Non-proliferation: No acquisition or transfer of nuclear weapons.
- Peaceful use: Nuclear-weapon states guarantee non-nuclear-weapon states’ peaceful use of nuclear energy as an inalienable right of all states (Articles IV and V).
- Disarmament: Nuclear-weapon states undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on nuclear disarmament (Article VI).
The Role of the IAEA Safeguards
Read MoreSpanish Second Republic Transition and Nazi Germany Policies
Spanish Political Shifts (1930-1933)
Dictablanda (1930-1931)
Period running between the resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930 and the arrival of the Second Republic in 1931, with a soft dictatorship led by Berenguer and Aznar.
Pact of San Sebastián
Agreement between republicans and socialists signed in the summer of 1930, aiming to overthrow Alfonso XIII and the establishment of a Republic in Spain.
12/04/1931 Elections
Municipal votations held in Spain on April 12th, 1931, and interpreted as a referendum
Read MoreBasque Autonomy and the Civil War (1917–1937) – Key Events
Introduction
The desire for self-government took the form of a statute of autonomy. The moderate sector of Basque nationalism, the Euskalerriacos (mainly CNV), promoted a campaign in favour of autonomy in 1917.
Spanish and international context: At the end of the First World War there were problems of nationalities, and the proposals for peace and the rights of self-determination were decisive.
In this context, Eusko Ikaskuntza emerged (1918), promoted by the four diputaciones to study Basque subjects.
Spanish Restoration and 20th Century Political Systems
Key Concepts of the Spanish Restoration
Restoration: This refers to the historical period from the pronouncement of Arsenio Martínez Campos at the end of the First Spanish Republic until the proclamation of the Second Republic. It is characterized by institutional stability, the construction of a liberal state model, and the incorporation of social and political movements that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. The period saw a decline leading up to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.
Regeneracionismo:
Read MoreEuropean Political Transformation: 16th Century to Vienna 1815
Political Systems in the Modern Era (15th–18th Centuries)
The political systems of Europe evolved significantly from the 15th to the 18th centuries, moving away from centralized monarchical control toward shared governance.
- 16th Century: An authoritarian monarchy prevailed in Spain, where the monarch held power, often influenced by the nobility. The court, including nobles and clergy, retained a say in matters of taxation and territory control.
- 17th Century: Absolutist Monarchy emerged, exemplified