NATO: History, Structure and Missions
NATO: History, Structure and Missions
Created in 1949, at the beginning of the Cold War. The Washington Treaty established the alliance. 29 members (Europe and North America). Type: Military Alliance. NATO organizes regular summits for leaders of its member states and partnerships.
Founding and Cold War Era
1st period (1949–1989): Enemy: Warsaw Pact (1955). This military alliance was led by the Soviet Union. In 1966, Charles de Gaulle decided to withdraw from NATO’s integrated military command. During
Read MoreKey Industrial Revolution Inventions and Social Movements
Technological Innovations
- Enclosures: The process by which open fields, shared by a community, were turned into private, fenced properties by new English landowners.
- Spinning Jenny: A spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764.
- Power Loom: Patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785.
- Self-Acting Spinning Mule: A factory machine introduced by Richard Roberts in 1830, allowing one person to spin several threads of yarn simultaneously.
- Steamboat: Created by Robert Fulton in 1807, this invention applied
Key Events of the French Revolution Timeline
French Revolution Key Events Timeline
| When | What | Why? |
|---|---|---|
| May 1789 | The Estates General and The National Assembly | An assembly of representatives from the three Estates was called to vote on taxation. King Louis XVI sought to change the taxation system so that all Estates would pay taxes (he needed more money). The voting system was unfair: each Estate had only one vote, despite the unequal representation (303 Nobility, 291 Clergy, 610 Third Estate). The Third Estate demanded one-person, one-vote, but the other |
Spain’s 19th Century Political Turmoil (1788–1868)
Charles IV: The End of the Bourbon Monarchy (1788–1808)
Charles IV’s reign was characterized by the political influence of his favorite, Manuel Godoy. In 1807, the Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed, granting Napoleon permission to enter Spain to invade Portugal. However, French troops expanded their presence into major Spanish cities, leading the Spanish population to realize they were being invaded.
As a result, the Mutiny of Aranjuez occurred in 1808. The population marched to the palace to protest
Read MoreChiang Kai-shek, the CCP, and the Road to the Long March (1927–1937)
The Shanghai Massacres and Extermination Campaigns
- The **NRA** (National Revolutionary Army) liberated Shanghai from the warlords.
- Chiang Kai-shek feared a general strike and a **CCP** (Chinese Communist Party) takeover.
- Chiang was prepared, attacked, and killed anyone suspected of being a Communist.
- The **White Terror** resulted in many casualties.
Consequences of the Massacres
- The campaign failed to crush the Communists.
- A split occurred within the **KMT** (Kuomintang), and Chiang was temporarily expelled
American History Foundations: Constitutional Era to Manifest Destiny (1787–1850)
Key Historical Questions and Answers (1787–1850)
Constitutional Era and Early Republic
- Primary Cause of Shays’ Rebellion: Farmers struggling because of debts.
- Anti-Federalists: The group that favored a weak or restricted central government.
- Constitutional Compromise on Slave Trade: Kept it open for twenty years.
- Hamilton’s Financial Plan (Exception): Did *not* include dropping import duties to encourage free trade.
- Interpretation of the French Revolution: Most Americans celebrated the spread of republican