Spain’s 19th Century Political Turmoil (1788–1868)
Charles IV: The End of the Bourbon Monarchy (1788–1808)
Charles IV’s reign was characterized by the political influence of his favorite, Manuel Godoy. In 1807, the Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed, granting Napoleon permission to enter Spain to invade Portugal. However, French troops expanded their presence into major Spanish cities, leading the Spanish population to realize they were being invaded.
As a result, the Mutiny of Aranjuez occurred in 1808. The population marched to the palace to protest
Read MoreChiang Kai-shek, the CCP, and the Road to the Long March (1927–1937)
The Shanghai Massacres and Extermination Campaigns
- The **NRA** (National Revolutionary Army) liberated Shanghai from the warlords.
- Chiang Kai-shek feared a general strike and a **CCP** (Chinese Communist Party) takeover.
- Chiang was prepared, attacked, and killed anyone suspected of being a Communist.
- The **White Terror** resulted in many casualties.
Consequences of the Massacres
- The campaign failed to crush the Communists.
- A split occurred within the **KMT** (Kuomintang), and Chiang was temporarily expelled
American History Foundations: Constitutional Era to Manifest Destiny (1787–1850)
Key Historical Questions and Answers (1787–1850)
Constitutional Era and Early Republic
- Primary Cause of Shays’ Rebellion: Farmers struggling because of debts.
- Anti-Federalists: The group that favored a weak or restricted central government.
- Constitutional Compromise on Slave Trade: Kept it open for twenty years.
- Hamilton’s Financial Plan (Exception): Did *not* include dropping import duties to encourage free trade.
- Interpretation of the French Revolution: Most Americans celebrated the spread of republican
Post-WWI Germany: Versailles Treaty and Rise of Nazism
Treaty of Versailles: Harsh Peace Terms
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied powers. It imposed harsh terms on Germany:
- Armies and fleets were prohibited.
- Germany lost its colonial empire.
- Some territories were ceded to other countries.
- Germany had to pay for the damages of the war.
- Germany lost around 48% of its iron production to France.
- Half of its coal production was no longer sent to Germany.
The Weimar Republic Established
Following the
Read MorePostcolonial Identity in Caribbean, South African, Indian & Sri Lankan
Caribbean: Art, Maps, and Diasporic Identity
Antillean Art and Walcott’s Shattered Histories
“Antillean art is this restoration of our shattered histories, our shards of vocabulary, our archipelago becoming a synonym for pieces broken off”? In his Nobel Prize speech, Derek Walcott explains that Caribbean, or Antillean, art is a way of rebuilding what history destroyed. Caribbean history was violently broken by slavery, colonialism, and forced migration. During the Middle Passage, Africans were
Read MoreProgressive Era and WWI: US History
Unit 10: The Progressive Era & World War I
The Early Twentieth Century: Reform and Conflict
The Progressive Era (1890s–1920s)
Towards the end of the Gilded Age (1870s – 1890s), a new era started: The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Different people advocated for reform (though not always for the same reasons), including politicians, conservationists, muckrakers, scientists and scholars, civil rights activists, and labor unions.
Key Progressive Figures
Eugene V. Debs
Founder of the American Railway
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