Anarchism & Socialism in Late 19th Century Spain
Spanish Anarchism: FTRE and Internal Divisions
In 1881, the existing Spanish workers’ federation reorganized and adopted the name FTRE (Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region). While having an anarchist profile under figures like Anselmo Lorenzo, it aimed for broad affiliation. This name change occurred for two main reasons: firstly, a new law on associations deemed organizations linked to international bodies illegal, and the name change allowed the FTRE to detach itself formally. Secondly,
Read MoreColumbus’s Voyage: Unveiling the Discovery of America
The Discovery of America
The late Middle Ages saw a convergence of factors that propelled the expansion leading to Columbus’s voyage to America.
Technological Advancements
New technologies played a crucial role, including advancements in cartography, navigational instruments like the astrolabe, and nautical techniques, particularly in shipbuilding with the development of ships like the caravel.
Economic Drivers
The economy experienced strong growth in international trade, creating a demand for precious
Read MoreCanalejas Era: Political Shifts & Social Tensions in Spain (1910-1917)
Canalejas and the Liberal Party (1910-1912)
Canalejas sought to overhaul the system of government to integrate more groups into the system (republicans), addressing dimensions of governance.
Canada Act 1910
This act banned the entry into Spain of new religious orders. While it was not fully enforced, it pretended to represent the separation of church and state.
Obligatory Military Service
The imposition of mandatory military service was generally accepted by the army. However, a major source of income
Read MoreUnderstanding Industrialization, Luddism, and European Revolutions
Industrialization and its Impact
Industrialization: Process in which new manufacturing processes spread to other countries from Britain.
Joint Stock Companies
Joint Stock Companies: The company’s capital is divided into shares. The investors share the risks and profits from the company’s investments.
Luddism
Luddism: A movement of people who broke the machines.
The Transportation Revolution
The transportation revolution was necessary because British factories made much more goods than before and could
Read MoreUnderstanding Armed Forces: Structure, Roles, and Recruitment
Armed Forces: Joint Military Units and Structure
Armed forces are typically divided into distinct branches:
Army
The army’s military strength lies in its land-based capabilities. It is prepared and equipped to develop land operations for national defense and offense against the enemy.
Navy
The navy is responsible for the defense of territorial waters and port infrastructure.
Air Force
The air force supports ground troops and naval operations by bombing enemy infrastructure.
These divisions are becoming
Read MoreCatalan Identity: Origins, Culture, and Political Movements
Origins and Consolidation of Catalan Identity
A New Catalan Culture
The Persistence of the Catalan Identity
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a century after the promulgation of the Decree of Nueva Planta, which had abrogated all political and administrative structures of the former Crown of Aragon, Catalonia remained in clear rejection of the process of administrative centralization and the attempt to identify with the laws and language of Castile.
The Literary and Cultural Renaissance
The
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