Late 18th Century Revolutions: America and France
1. English North American Colonies in the 18th Century
In the eighteenth century, Britain had managed to conquer the entire east coast of what is now the United States, expelling the Native Americans, as well as the Dutch and Swedes. Thirteen independent colonies were created, each with different laws but with a single King of England, and whose laws were made by the English Parliament. In general, the new colonies were occupied by free men. They were not interested in the poor lands of the nobility,
Franco’s Regime: Political Evolution and International Relations
Political Developments of Franco’s Regime
A few months after the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War, World War II began, which would be decisive in Franco’s politics. During World War II (1939-1945), Spain maintained friendship with the fascist powers, as their aid had been crucial in the Civil War, and the Regime shared a similar ideology. When the war began, the Spanish government declared itself neutral, knowing that the country was not able to participate in a new war. The fascist side’s initial
Read MoreEuropean Union: Origins and Expansion 1950-2007
The European Union: Origins and Evolution
During the 20th century, two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) occurred in less than 30 years, with Europe as their main stage. These wars left many European countries financially ruined, with long-lasting consequences for their populations. Many small European countries required American aid (the Marshall Plan) for reconstruction. Some European leaders recognized the necessity of uniting to compete with major superpowers (the U.S., USSR, and later Japan)
Read MoreSpain’s Ominous Decade & Latin America Independence
The Ominous Decade (1823-1833) and the Emancipation of Latin America
The Ominous Decade, as it was known by liberals, began the same day that Ferdinand VII was released by the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis. He issued a decree annulling all legislation passed during the Liberal Triennium. The new monarch was to return to the Old Regime and absolutism. Immediately, repression against liberals began. Riego was hanged in Madrid in November. Although the Inquisition was not restored, Faith Seals
Read MoreCold War: Origins, Events, and Aftermath
The United Nations: Origins and Objectives
Circa 1945, Yalta. The victorious powers created the UN (United Nations) body.
Objectives:
- Maintain international peace and security.
- Promote self-determination of peoples.
- Defend human rights.
- Foster cooperation among member nations.
The UN was created in 1945 in San Francisco, with 51 members (now 193).
How does it work? Maintaining peace and security by:
- Acting as a mediator.
- Sending peacekeeping troops.
- Imposing sanctions.
- Imposing ceasefires.
UN Structure
- General
The 1978 Spanish Constitution: Key Features and History
Spanish Constitution of 1978: A Comprehensive Analysis
The current Spanish Constitution was drafted during the transition period between the death of Franco in November 1975 and the establishment and consolidation of liberal democracy in Spain. The author is the Spanish Cortes, and it was ratified by King Juan Carlos. The constitution is long and detailed; it consists of 11 titles and 169 articles, with additional and transitional provisions.
Key Articles and Principles
- Article 1: Spain is a social