The 1868 Revolution and Spain’s 1869 Constitution
The Revolution of 1868 and the Provisional Government
The squadron concentrated in the Bay of Cadiz, under the command of Brigadier General Juan Bautista Topete, staged a military uprising against the government of Isabel II. General Prim, exiled in London, and General Serrano, banished to the Canary Islands, met with the insurgents and secured the support of the population of Cadiz after the publication of a manifesto. This manifesto called on citizens to take up arms to defend freedom, order, and
Read MoreUS History: Independence, Constitution, Expansion & Imperialism
U.S. Independence
Colonial population: people driven from England settled and established plantations to feed themselves.
Commercial freedom given by England was more a lack of interest in wanting to benefit. In the 18th century, England realized that the colonial pact was a good way to exploit resources, and even with the Enlightenment in Europe, they followed mercantilist policies in the U.S. The South produced cotton, while the North focused on manufacturing.
England, facing economic hardship, imposed
Read MoreSpain’s Restoration Era: Alfonso XII and Canovas’ System
The System of the Restoration
The Draft of Canovas
Alfonso XII of Spain.
The military coup of General Martinez Campos at Sagunto accelerated the accession to the throne of Alfonso XII. His triumphal entry into Madrid on 14 January 1875, began a long period of political stability (Restoration). This regime will moderate the re-establishment with two new features:
- It is a civilian regime in which the military lacked the prominence they had in the Elizabethan stage, determined by the civil power.
- It is
Key Concepts in Labor History and Colonialism
Key Concepts in Labor History
This section defines key terms related to labor history and social movements.
Working Class
A group of individuals who contribute work in production in exchange for a wage, without individual ownership or control of the means of production.
Chartism
A movement for political and social reform in the UK, named after the ‘People’s Charter,’ which reflected its principles.
Luddites
A labor movement whose actions were based on spontaneous revolts, attacking the means of production.
Read MoreEmpires in Turmoil: Austro-Hungarian, Russian & Colonial Expansion
The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1830-1916)
Francis Joseph, a deeply conservative ruler since 1848, faced tensions from the diverse nations within his empire. The most prominent were Austria and Hungary (Magyars). This was resolved through a dual monarchy, with the emperor holding the titles of both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Each had its own parliament, but shared military, foreign policy, and economic policy. The monarchy remained largely absolutist.
The economy stagnated, and a needed
Read MoreCadiz Cortes and the Dawn of Spanish Sovereignty
The Rise of Armament and Defense Boards
During the Peninsular War, Armament and Defense Boards emerged at local and provincial levels. These boards played a crucial role in:
- Filling the power vacuum: They stepped in to govern in the absence of a legitimate central authority.
- Defense and governance: Their primary objective was to defend the country and maintain order.
- Legitimacy: They claimed to rule in the name of Fernando VII.
- Importance: They are considered the first expression of national sovereignty