The Restoration in Spain: From Cánovas to Alfonso XIII
The Cánovas Restoration (1874-1885)
The Constitution of 1876
Spain experienced a period of relative peace and political order due to a widespread desire for stability. Cánovas del Castillo shaped the Bourbon Restoration based on:
- Traditional monarchy
- European-style constitutional government
- A legal system balancing freedom and authority
Key figures included:
- Alfonso XII
- Cánovas del Castillo and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta as leaders of their respective parties
The Constitution of 1876, drafted by a commission
Read MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Nazi Regime: A Historical Overview
In 1925, Dawes is the plan with the consent of France and Britain to reduce the debt to Germany, which is financially crippled and has been recovering. The Dawes Plan aimed for immediate economic recovery from 1925 to 1930, but then lost support from the Nazi and communist electorate. By 1933, a small crisis emerged, impacting the two political parties.
The Nazi Party was anti-communist and fascist, causing social conflicts. The oligarchy supported the NSDAP, believing that socialism and communism
Franco Regime: Establishment, Institutions, and Ideology (1939-1975)
Establishment and Institutionalization of the Franco Regime
The Rise of Franco’s Dictatorship
Following the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, the Franco dictatorship was established. During the war’s final years, intensive legislative work nullified Republican laws and established the ideological foundations and institutions that characterized Franco’s domestic policy.
Ideological Principles of the Totalitarian State
Three key principles shaped the totalitarian state’s ideology:
- National-
Medieval Iberian Cortes: Structure, Power, and Evolution
Sharing of Legislative Power
The sharing of legislative power between monarchs and the Cortes (assemblies) varied across the Iberian Peninsula. While some scholars argue that the Cortes merely legitimized royal decisions, others contend they actively limited royal power. A middle interpretation suggests the Cortes served as a platform for consensus-building, moderating royal absolutism to varying degrees depending on the specific context and period.
The Cortes and the Kingdom
The Cortes represented
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: A Concise History and Analysis
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Origins of the Conflict
The Spanish Civil War, a brutal and complex conflict, began in Andalusia. Seville was the first city to join the military uprising, while Almería was the last to fall. Despite leftist strength, Queipo de Llano’s actions in Seville secured Nationalist triumphs in Granada, Córdoba, Cádiz, and Huelva. Italian forces captured Málaga and the coast in 1937. Nationalist Andalusia encompassed the west, including Seville and its surroundings, while
Read MoreSocial Transformation in Spain: 19th to 20th Century
Social Transformation in Spain
The Demographic Cycle in Spain
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Europe was a period of continued population growth. However, Spain remained in the demographic cycle of the old regime until the twentieth century due to poor sanitary conditions, the impact of epidemics (tuberculosis, cholera, and yellow fever), the poverty of the population, and dependence on agriculture. This dependence meant that a poor harvest was fatal to the mortality of the population.
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