Georgian Britain: The Hanoverian Dynasty and Party Politics
Revolution and Georgian Britain (1789-1837)
1. Introduction
This period saw the reign of the House of Hanover, including:
- George I (1714-1727)
- George II (1727-1760)
- George III
- George IV
- William IV
Queen Victoria was the last of the Hanoverian monarchs. This era was marked by a significant loss of monarchical powers, leading to the rise of cabinet governments and Prime Ministers.
The Whigs vs. The Tories
The Whigs
The term Whig is a complex and ambiguous political designation. It was originally applied to those
Read MoreSpain’s Second Republic: The Reformist Biennium (1931-1933)
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1933)
In 1931, after the Republican victory in municipal elections, King Alfonso XIII left the country. His position had become very weak for having supported the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923. Despite trying to return to normalcy in 1930, he found that not even the monarchists supported him. In 1930, the opposition signed the Pact of San Sebastián with the purpose of establishing a Republic. A Constituent Assembly would be convened to approve a constitution
Read MoreThe Paris Peace Settlement and WWI Military Strategy
The Aftermath of Armistice: The Paris Peace Conference
1919 was the year after the Armistice, marking the end of the First World War. People were thankful that the fighting had stopped, but many in Britain and France now wanted to punish Germany. The leaders of all the countries that had been fighting met in Paris to decide on a peace settlement to formally end the war.
The defeated powers were present but were given very little say in the debates; they were there simply to sign the treaties. Germany
Read MoreFoundational Factors Shaping Modern Australia: Federation, Gold, and Terra Nullius
The Doctrine of Terra Nullius in Australia
Terra nullius is a Latin term meaning “land belonging to no one.” This legal principle was used by European colonizers to claim sovereignty over inhabited territories, including Australia.
Despite knowing there were Indigenous people living in Australia, British colonists claimed the continent using the concept of Terra Nullius as justification. They argued that Aboriginal people were not “using” the land in a recognizable European manner (citing a lack of
Read More19th Century History: Spain, Imperialism, and World War I Key Concepts
Spanish History and Political Dynamics (19th Century)
Spanish Constitutions of the 19th Century
- 1812 (La Pepa): Moderate
- 1837: Progressive
- 1845: Conservative
- 1869: Progressive
- 1876: Conservative
Key Events Sequence (Peninsular War Era)
- Godoy’s Resignation
- Creation of the Supreme Central Junta
- Adoption of La Pepa (1812 Constitution)
- Treaty of Fontainebleau
- Accession of Joseph I
Francisco de Goya: Influence and Legacy
Goya’s expressions and feelings paved the way for many subsequent art movements. His paintings
Read MoreThe Great Awakening and the Birth of American Independence
The Great Awakening: Religious Revival and Social Change
The Intensity of Revival Sermons
…going to fly and be sprinkled. (bloody – too graphic) He’s so graphic because he wants to make people afraid of what could happen to them. However, there’s a way they can avoid going to hell. God is giving you the opportunity to reconvert and go back to him; go back to religion. You must reconvert to acquire salvation.
Consequences of the Great Awakening
- Ecclesiastical: More people went to Church and