Social Transformation in Spain: 19th to 20th Century
Social Transformation in Spain
The Demographic Cycle in Spain
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Europe was a period of continued population growth. However, Spain remained in the demographic cycle of the old regime until the twentieth century due to poor sanitary conditions, the impact of epidemics (tuberculosis, cholera, and yellow fever), the poverty of the population, and dependence on agriculture. This dependence meant that a poor harvest was fatal to the mortality of the population.
Read MoreThe Great Depression, Fascism, Nazism, and World War II: A Historical Overview
The Great Depression (1929)
Post-WWI Economic Landscape
After World War I, the United States emerged as a major lender to Europe and the world’s largest economy. This was due to the gold standard and a period of economic prosperity fueled by individualism, materialism, and the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine, advocating “America for Americans,” ensured U.S. economic dominance over Latin American raw materials, allowing for price control.
Causes of the Depression
A strong industrial sector led to
Read MoreThe Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizabal and Madoz in 19th Century Spain
Process Steps of the Ecclesiastical Confiscations
The seizure of church property began in 18th-century Spain. It’s estimated that since the first Jesuit properties were sold after their expulsion by Carlos III, around 19,900,000 hectares—39% of the country’s surface—that had been common property were taken over by private owners.
This lengthy sales process wasn’t continuous but resulted from several confiscations:
- Godoy, Minister of Charles IV (1798)
- Cortes de Cádiz (1811-1813)
- Liberal Triennium
Political Organization and Crises in the Kingdom of Castile
5.1. Political Organization: Institutions of the Kingdom of Castile
Royalty: At the head of the kingdom, the supreme authority is “by the grace of God.” Its power comes from the people, to whom he has delivered God. The only intermediary between God and the king is the people, represented by privileged classes. Succession to the throne in León follows the hereditary principle: the line of male succession (oldest son, 2nd child, and so on). A lack of a male could lead to women exercising sovereignty
Understanding Agricultural Law: History and Key Concepts
Understanding Agricultural Law
Agricultural law is a set of legal rules governing relations and activities of agricultural subjects and their interactions with the EDO (Estado de Derecho). This field encompasses various aspects, including history, doctrine, and jurisprudence related to agricultural holdings.
Historical Context
Lucio Mendieta y Núñez established laws and legal rules that form the foundation of agricultural law. Antonio C. Vivanco contributed to the legal order that governs the relationship
Read MoreThe Rise of the Labor Movement: A History of Workers’ Struggle
The Rise of the Labor Movement
The Industrial Proletariat and Early Resistance
The increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century gave rise to a new social class: the industrial proletariat. These workers often faced exploitation, excessive hours, and harsh working and living conditions, especially women and children. In response to this situation, the labor movement emerged, driven by the proletariat’s growing awareness of their shared identity and the need to fight for survival.
The early
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