The Spanish Restoration (1874-1931): Politics, Constitution & Key Figures
The Spanish Restoration (1874-1931)
Summary of Item 10
The last paragraph states that the courts reflect the political viewpoint, as noted and translated in the 1876 Constitution. Accepting the crown would not conflict with other courts. The table highlights the “turnismo” of Canovas and Sagasta through the voting boxes. In 1891, universal suffrage was restored in Spain. Sandhurst received 85% of the votes in ’91, and the other 25% two years later would be… It is this alternation of power that constitutes
Read MoreSpain Under Franco: From Stabilization to Transition (1950s-1970s)
Spain Under Franco (1950s-1970s)
The Fifties: Stabilization
Leveraging his anti-communist stance, Franco gained acceptance from the Allies and entry into international organizations. Key events include the 1953 concordat with the Vatican, granting the regime Catholic status while reserving the government’s right to intervene in bishop appointments. The same year saw agreements with the U.S., allowing military facilities in Spain and the import of agricultural products to stabilize prices, further
Read MoreSpain’s Political & Social Turmoil: 1902-1923
Spain’s Political and Social Crisis (1902-1923)
The Seeds of Crisis (1902-1917)
The period from King Alfonso XIII’s ascent in 1902 to the Primo de Rivera dictatorship in 1923 was marked by persistent political instability. Several factors contributed to this crisis:
- Alfonso XIII’s political meddling: The king abandoned his role as a neutral arbitrator and sided with conservative military factions, ultimately supporting Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship. This eroded the monarchy’s prestige.
- Division within
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936): Rise and Fall
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)
1. Proclamation of the Republic and the Constituent Assembly
1.1 Crisis of the Monarchy
A revolutionary movement, designed to bring down the monarchy, proclaimed the Republic. Seeing widespread opposition, Alfonso XIII replaced Head of Government General Berenguer with Admiral Aznar. The new Head of Government was tasked with convening elections, announced for April 12th.
1.2 Proclamation of the Republic
The April 12, 1931, elections became a referendum on the
Read MoreSpain’s Transformation (1833-1868): From Monarchy to Revolution
Spain’s Transformation (1833-1868)
From Old Regime to Constitutional Monarchy
The death of Fernando VII in 1833 ushered in a transformative period in Spain, giving rise to new political, economic, social, and cultural rights. During the reign of his daughter, Elizabeth II, the country transitioned from the Old Regime to bourgeois liberalism. A constitutional monarchy based on liberal principles was established, laying the foundations for a capitalist economy and a new class society.
Regencies and the
Read MoreAncient Civilizations of the East: A Look at State Formation
Ancient Civilizations of the East: The Concept of State
Ancient Empires of the East: Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia
1. Common Features
- The economy, primarily agricultural, saw significant development in trade and crafts, relying on slave labor.
- The political system was a theocratic monarchy, where the king (or Pharaoh in Egypt) ruled as a god, considered owner of all land, and aided by officials (nobles, scribes).
- Society was hierarchical, with different social groups possessing varying economic power.