American History Key Terms: From Colonization to the Constitution
Native Americans and Early European Colonization
- Bering Strait: Ice Age land bridge between Siberia and Alaska; early migration route into North America (15,000+ years ago).
- Cahokia: Large mound-building Native city near modern St. Louis (c. 600–1300); proof of sophisticated precolonial societies.
- Reasons Europeans came to the “New World”: Wealth/resources, competition for empire, Asian trade routes, conversion, and religious refuge → distinct colonies and economies.
- Christopher Columbus: Italian
Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution: Key Concepts
Age of Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution
1. Reading Comprehension
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions.
“By the late nineteenth century, European powers had developed technologies that made large-scale overseas expansion possible in ways it had never been before. Steamships allowed goods and soldiers to cross oceans quickly and reliably. The telegraph let colonial officials communicate with home governments in minutes rather than months. New weapons, such as the repeating rifle
Read MoreRise of the Nazi Party and the Weimar Republic’s Collapse
NSDAP Appeal to Voters by Gender and Class
2. Identify the particular appeal to voters (by gender and social class) of the NSDAP 1928–1932.
Men: The Nazis appealed to men by promising jobs, military strength, national pride, and strong leadership.
Women: They promoted traditional family values, encouraging women to focus on motherhood and protecting the family from communism and social instability.
By social class:
- Middle class: The strongest support came from the middle class, who feared unemployment,
The Rise of the Nazi Party and the Weimar Republic
Article 48
Article 48 was a provision of the Weimar Constitution that allowed the president to exercise emergency powers during a crisis. It weakened democracy by enabling the government to rule without the support of the Reichstag. These powers eventually played a critical role in the destruction of German democracy.
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation was a period when German currency lost nearly all its value. It occurred as Germany struggled with reparations and the Ruhr occupation, while the government
Read MoreHistory of Europe (1789-1878): Key Concepts and Events
History of Europe (1789-1878)
This document provides a structured summary of the History of Europe (1789-1878), covering key events and concepts from standard syllabi.
Section A: 15 Questions (2 Marks)
- 1. Define Enlightenment: A movement stressing human reason, science, and logic over blind faith and tradition.
- 2. Causes of the French Revolution: An unfair social system and national bankruptcy due to war and royal luxury.
- 3. Consequences of the July Revolution (1830): Ended Charles X’s rule and established
Modern European History: 1850 to 1991
Lecture 1: The Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914
- Crimean War (1853–1856): Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, France, and the UK. Led to the collapse of the Concert of Europe and created opportunities for Italian and German unification.
- Napoleon III (France): Characterized by authoritarianism, a modern economy, public works, and mass popular support.
- Italian Unification (1859–1870): Transitioned from fragmented states to the Kingdom of Italy, led by Cavour (diplomatic brains) and Garibaldi (military, “Red